Recruitment of TBK1 to K63polyUb-TANK:K63polyUb-TRAF3:TRIF:activated TLR4
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Upon stimulation by pathogen-associated inflammatory signals, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and its close homolog, inhibitor of kappaB kinase epsilon (IKKε, IKBKE), induce type I interferon (IFN) expression and modulate nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-kappa-B) signaling (Fitzgerald KA et al., 2003; Hemmi H et al., 2004; Taft J et al., 2021; Wegner J et al., 2023). <p>This Reactome event shows recruitment of TBK1 to the activated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex. <p>TBK1 and IKKε (IKBKE) are found to interact with scaffold proteins TANK (TRAF family member associated NF-kappa-B activator), NAP1 (NAK-associated protein 1), and SINTBAD (similar to NAP1 TBK1 adaptor), which connect TBK1 and IKKε to pathogen-activated signaling complexes such as TLR4 (Pomerantz JL and Baltimore D 1999; Guo B and Cheng G 2007; Gatot JC et al., 2007; Ryzhakov G and Randow F 2007; Goncalves A et al., 2011). In addition, studies demonstrate an essential role for the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3 in the activation of TBK1 (Oganesyan G et al., 2006; Hacker H et al 2006). Further, structural studies of TBK1 revealed a dimeric assembly that is mediated by several interfaces involving an N-terminal kinase domain (KD), a ubiquitin-like domain (ULD), and an alpha-helical scaffold dimerization domain (SDD) of TBK1 (Larabi A et al., 2013; Tu D et al., 2013). The ULDs of TBK1 and IKKε are involved in the control of kinase activation, substrate presentation, and downstream signaling (Ikeda F et al., 2007; Tu D et al., 2013). TBK1 dimer is a subject to K63-linked polyubiquitination on lysines 30 and 401 (Tu D et al., 2013). Activation of TBK1 rearranges the N-terminal KD into an active conformation while maintaining the overall dimer conformation (Larabi A et al., 2013). The ubiquitination sites and dimer contacts are conserved in the close homolog IKKε (IKBKE) (Tu D et al., 2013). The activation of TBK1 and IKKε may occur through autophosphorylation or via activity of a distinct protein kinase (Clark et al., 2009). TBK1 binding to optineurin (OPTN), an autophagy receptor, regulates TBK1-mediated IRF3 activation and type I interferon responses (reviewed by Markovinovic A et al., 2017; Outlioua A et al., 2018; Slowicka K & van Loo G 2018).
在病原体相关炎症信号的刺激下,TANK 结合激酶 1 (TBK1) 及其紧密同源物,κB 激酶 ε 的抑制剂 (IKKε,即 IKBKE),可诱导 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 的表达并调节核因子 κB (NF-κB) 信号通路(参见 Fitzgerald KA 等人,2003;Hemmi H 等人,2004;Taft J 等人,2021;Wegner J 等人,2023)。此 Reactome 事件展示了 TBK1 被招募至激活的 Toll 样受体 4 (TLR4) 复合物中。TBK1 和 IKKε (IKBKE) 被发现与支架蛋白 TANK(TRAF 家族成员关联的 NF-κB 激活剂)、NAP1(NAK 相关蛋白 1)和 SINTBAD(与 NAP1 TBK1 配体相似)相互作用,这些蛋白将 TBK1 和 IKKε 连接到病原体激活的信号复合物,如 TLR4(参见 Pomerantz JL 和 Baltimore D,1999;Guo B 和 Cheng G,2007;Gatot JC 等人,2007;Ryzhakov G 和 Randow F,2007;Goncalves A 等人,2011)。此外,研究表明 E3 泛素连接酶 TRAF3 在 TBK1 激活中起着至关重要的作用(参见 Oganesyan G 等人,2006;Hacker H 等人,2006)。进一步地,TBK1 的结构研究揭示了由多个界面介导的二聚体组装,这些界面涉及 TBK1 的 N 端激酶结构域 (KD)、泛素样结构域 (ULD) 和 α-螺旋支架二聚化结构域 (SDD)(参见 Larabi A 等人,2013;Tu D 等人,2013)。TBK1 和 IKKε 的 ULDs 参与控制激酶激活、底物呈现和下游信号传导(参见 Ikeda F 等人,2007;Tu D 等人,2013)。TBK1 二聚体在赖氨酸 30 和 401 位点发生 K63 连接的聚泛素化(参见 Tu D 等人,2013)。TBK1 的激活会重排 N 端 KD 成活性构象,同时保持整体二聚体构象(参见 Larabi A 等人,2013)。泛素化位点与二聚化接触在 TBK1 的紧密同源物 IKKε (IKBKE) 中得到保留(参见 Tu D 等人,2013)。TBK1 和 IKKε 的激活可能通过自磷酸化或通过独特的蛋白激酶的活性来实现(参见 Clark 等人,2009)。TBK1 与自噬受体 optineurin (OPTN) 的结合调节 TBK1 介导的 IRF3 激活和 I 型干扰素反应(参见 Markovinovic A 等人,2017;Outlioua A 等人,2018;Slowicka K 与 van Loo G,2018)。
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