Differences in species abundances in- and outside deer exclosures.

Abundance values reflect the incidence of species across quadrats in the control and exclosure plots. We judge whether species are more abundant in or outside exclosures from the χ2 and significance values for the differences observed. No significant differences in abundance were observed in: Acer saccharum, Dryopteris intermedia, Prunus serotina, Anemone americana, Eurybia macrophyyla, Taraxacum officinale, Aralia nudicaulis, Fraxinus pensylvanica, Tilia americana, Arisaema triphyllum, Maianthemum canadense, or Trientalis borealis. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05. Differences in species abundances in- and outside deer exclosures.