Single-nuclei transcriptome sequencing of 5xFAD mouse brain hemisphere with myelin dysfunction

The aim of the dataset is to identify cell heterogeneity changes under myelin abnormalities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and neurodegenerative disease with increasing prevalence due to longer lifespan in the human population. Why aging constitutes the greatest risk factor for development of AD, however, remains poorly understood. Aging markedly affects oligodendrocytes and the structural integrity of their myelin sheaths which also causes secondary tissue inflammation. We propose a mechanistic link between aging-associated myelin dysfunction and the deposition of Amyloid-ß (Aß) as primary neuropathological hallmark of early AD and hypothesized that breakdown of myelin - especially in cortical regions – is an upstream driver of amyloid deposition in AD. Here, we show that in transgenic mouse models of AD, genetically induced myelin defects by Cnp or Plp1 depletion, as well as direct demyelination are potent drivers of amyloid deposition in vivo as shown by light sheet microscopy imaging. At transcriptomic level, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed successfully induced disease-associated-microglia (DAM)-like phenotypes in Cnp-/- animals. These activated microglia, however, are primarily engaged with myelin seemingly preventing the protective reactions of the microglia pool to Aß plaques. Our work, therefore, identifies myelin aging as a previously overlooked risk factor for AD and makes the case for myelin health-directed therapies in AD. Overall design: Brain hemispheres were dissected from 6-month-old animals and subjected to single-nuclei RNA sequencing using 10x genomics Chromium 3' assay. In total 4 genotypes were included for the experiment (WT, Cnp-/-, 5xFAD, Cnp-/-x5xFAD), each genotype has n=2 replicates.