Czyżowski et al. (2025) Long term predator pressure on artificial nests of common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in urban and agricultural areas of Lublin (Poland)

In the study (2005 - 2023), the pressure of predators on breeding common pheasants (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>) in urban (city of Lublin) and agricultural areas was compared using artificial nests. The average nest predation was higher in the urban than in agricultural areas. The main predator in the city was the common magpie (<i>Pica pica</i>), which preyed on nests mostly in ruderal areas and in the city park. The main predator in the agrocenoses was the red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>), which destroyed nests in the ecotone zones. Higher density of pheasants in urban areas, combined with simultaneous higher pressure of predators than in agricultural areas, suggests that other environmental factors influence pheasants density more than pressure of predators. In agricultural areas, the pressure of predators on artificial nests was shown to decrease along with the increase in the suitability of soils for agricultural production, which is associated with the decline in ecotone sites in intensively used agrocenoses.