Data from: Effects of synergists on the efficacy of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Experimental Insects
Adult Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha castaneum were obtained from insect colonies kept at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Center for Grain and Animal Health Research in Manhattan, Kansas. Tribolium castaneum was continuously reared on 95% unbleached, organic wheat flour with 5% brewer’s yeast added, while R. dominica was reared on organic wheat, and both were held in an environmental chamber (Percival Scientific, Model CTH-811, Perry, IA, USA) set at a temperature of 30 °C, relative humidity (RH) of 65%, and a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod. For the bioassays below, 3- to 4-week-old T. castaneum and R. dominica adults were used.
Synergist-coated Vials
Insecticide synergists tested in the bioassays were: piperonyl butoxide (PBO, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), diethyl maleate (DEM, Thermo Scientific Chemicals, Waltham, MA, USA), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).  PBO, DEM, and TPP were dissolved in acetone, separately, and the concentrations used for them were all 0.1 mg/ml. Glass scintillation vials (27 × 61 mm, D × H, Wheaton Science Products, Millville, NJ, USA) were coated with 0.5 ml of synergist solution by rolling the vials on a Roto-Torque Heavy Duty Rotator (Model 7637, Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) to spread the synergist across the inner surface until all visible signs of liquid had disappeared. The vials were then left open to evaporate the acetone residues. In parallel, vials were coated with 0.5 ml of acetone as a control.
Long-lasting Insecticide-incorporated Netting (LLIN)
Carifend® LLIN incorporating 0.34% (w/w) alpha-cypermethrin (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) was used in this study. This netting was cut into squares and secured to the bottoms of square Petri dishes (100 × 100 × 15 mm, L × W × H, VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) as LLIN exposure arenas.
Effects of Synergists on LLIN against T. castaneum and R. dominica
Synergists and LLIN exposure bioassays for T. castaneum and R. dominica adults were conducted as below. Twenty adults were pre-exposed in a glass scintillation vial coated with one of the three synergists (PBO, DEM, TPP, or acetone as a control) for 1 h, and then transferred to a LLIN exposure arena. For T. castaneum, twenty adults were exposed to LLIN for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h, respectively, and then examined for adult condition (unaffected, affected, and dead). For R. dominica, preliminary experiments showed that adults were very susceptible to LLIN, so twenty adults were exposed to LLIN for 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. The adults were then transferred to a 35 × 10 mm Petri dish (Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and adult condition was examined after 24 h. T. castaneum and R. dominica adults were observed and recorded as unaffected if they were active and behaving normally with coordinated walking and species-specific movements; affected if they had uncoordinated waliking and sluggish movements or were on their backs with legs twitching, and/or could not right themselves after being prodded (i.e., knocked down); finally, recorded as dead if they were completely motionless even after prodding. There were 4 replicates for each treatment combination of synergist type × LLIN exposure time.
Effects of Food on Efficacy of Synergists and LLIN Combined Exposures in T. castaneum and R. dominica
Twenty adults were pre-exposed in a vial coated with PBO, DEM, TPP, or acetone as a control for 1 h, and then exposed to LLIN for 72 h (T. castaneum) and 1 h (R. dominica). After exposure, the adults were transferred from LLIN exposure arena to a recovery arena, consisting of Petri dish (35 × 10 mm, D × H, Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) with 0.5 g of wheat flour or without flour as a control. Adult condition was assessed as number of unaffected, affected and dead at 1, 3, 5, and 7 d post-exposure. The delayed mortality and recovery rates were expressed as percentages, the number of dead and unaffected individuals divided by the total number of adults for the sample, respectively. There were 4 replicates for each combination of synergist type × post-exposure time × food availability. During exposure and recovery, insects were kept in an environmental chamber under the same conditions as described above.

本实验昆虫数据集包括从美国农业部（USDA）堪萨斯州曼哈顿的谷物与动物健康研究中心（Center for Grain and Animal Health Research）所保存的 Tribolium castaneum 和 Rhyzopertha dominica 成虫。Tribolium castaneum 成虫在95%未漂白有机小麦粉（添加5%酿酒酵母）上连续饲养，而 R. dominica 则在有机小麦上饲养。两者均置于温度为30°C、相对湿度（RH）为65%、光照/黑暗周期为16/8小时的恒温恒湿环境中（Percival Scientific，型号CTH-811，佩里，IA，美国）。在以下生物测定中，使用了3至4周的 T. castaneum 和 R. dominica 成虫。

协同剂涂层试管：在生物测定中测试的杀虫剂协同剂包括：胡椒基丁醚（PBO，东京化学工业株式会社，东京，日本）、二乙基马来酸酯（DEM，赛默飞世尔化学，Waltham，MA，美国）和三苯基磷酸酯（TPP，Sigma-Aldrich，圣路易斯，MO，美国）。PBO、DEM 和 TPP 分别溶解在丙酮中，其浓度均为0.1 mg/ml。使用27 × 61 mm（D × H，Wheaton Science Products，米尔维尔，NJ，美国）的玻璃闪烁试管，通过在Roto-Torque Heavy Duty Rotator（型号7637，Cole-Parmer Instrument Company，韦恩希尔兹，IL，美国）上滚动试管，以均匀涂层的方式将0.5 ml协同剂溶液涂覆在试管内壁，直至液体完全挥发。随后，试管被置于开放状态以挥发丙酮残留物。同时，其他试管以0.5 ml丙酮作为对照进行涂层。

长效杀虫剂浸渍网（LLIN）：本研究使用了含有0.34%（w/w）α-氰戊菊酯的Carifend® LLIN（巴斯夫，路德维希港，德国）。该网状材料被裁剪成方块状，并固定在100 × 100 × 15 mm（L × W × H，VWR，拉德诺，PA，美国）的方形Petri皿底部，作为LLIN暴露区域。

协同剂对LLIN对T. castaneum和R. dominica的影响：对T. castaneum和R. dominica成虫进行的协同剂和LLIN暴露生物测定如下。将20只成虫预先在涂有三种协同剂之一（PBO、DEM、TPP或丙酮作为对照）的玻璃闪烁试管中暴露1小时，然后转移到LLIN暴露区域。对于T. castaneum，20只成虫分别暴露于LLIN 6、12、24、48、72、96、120、144和168小时，然后检查成虫状况（未受影响、受影响和死亡）。对于R. dominica，初步实验表明成虫对LLIN非常敏感，因此20只成虫分别暴露于LLIN 0.5、1、2、6、12、24和48小时。随后，成虫被转移到35 × 10 mm（D × H，Falcon，弗拉特林湖，NJ，美国）的Petri皿中，并在24小时后检查成虫状况。T. castaneum和R. dominica成虫被观察并记录为未受影响，如果它们活动正常、行为协调、行走协调且具有物种特有的动作；受影响，如果它们行走不协调、动作迟缓或背部着地、腿抽搐，或者在被刺激后无法自行恢复（即被击倒）；最后，如果即使被刺激也完全不动，则记录为死亡。每个协同剂类型×LLIN暴露时间组合有4个重复。

食物对协同剂和LLIN联合暴露在T. castaneum和R. dominica中的有效性的影响：将20只成虫预先在涂有PBO、DEM、TPP或丙酮作为对照的试管中暴露1小时，然后暴露于LLIN 72小时（T. castaneum）和1小时（R. dominica）。暴露后，成虫从LLIN暴露区域转移到恢复区域，该区域由35 × 10 mm（D × H，Falcon，弗拉特林湖，NJ，美国）的Petri皿组成，其中含有0.5 g小麦粉或作为对照不含小麦粉。在暴露后1、3、5和7天，评估成虫状况（未受影响、受影响和死亡）的数量。延迟死亡率恢复率以百分比表示，即死亡和未受影响个体数除以样本中总成虫数。每个协同剂类型×暴露后时间×食物可用性组合有4个重复。在暴露和恢复期间，昆虫在上述相同条件下保持在恒温恒湿环境中。