Results of the Linear Mixed model on carotenoid concentration of kestrel fledglings.

BSM = brood size manipulation. The significance of random effects was tested with likelihood ratio tests following the hierarchical structure of the model, i.e. first dropping out the term “BSM*origin(duplicate)”, then “origin(duplicate)” or “BSM*duplicate” first one at a time and finally “duplicate”. There was no interaction between BSM and sex (F1,147 = 1.04, p = 0.31).