Demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics of patients and control subjects.

All values are presented as mean±SD; p value indicates comparisons between the pre-dialysis CKD and dialysis groups. Parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and urinary albumin / creatinine ratio were not measured in healthy controls due to small volumes of serum and lack of urine samples. * Systolic BP index = measured BP/95th centile BP for age, gender, and height. ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic BP; SDS, SD score.