Insecticide resistance mechanisms reported to date in natural populations of the main insect vectors of human diseases.

Metabolic resistance: EST, enhanced esterase activity; GST, enhanced glutatione-S-transferase activity; MOX, enhanced p450 monoxygenase activity. Target site resistance: AChE, modification of the acetylcholinesterase; GAB, modification of the GABA receptors; SCH, modification of the sodium channels. ?, Insecticide resistance present but mechanism unknown or unconfirmed to the best of our knowledge.