Baseline characteristics of study population.

Summaries shown are geometric mean and exponential of standard deviation (SD) on a logarithmic scale, except for age, which is summarised as mean (SD). ‘Complete’ refers to the subset of individuals with complete data on all vitamin, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. p-values are from two-sample t-tests between males and females on a logarithmic scale, except for age, for which a two-sample t-tests was applied on the original scale.