Risk factors for hookworm and A. lumbricoides infection, Bihar India (N = 1157).

RR = risk ratio, 95%CI = 95% confidence interval, P = p value. Univariate analysis takes account of clustering within schools. The model was restricted to two districts (Aurangabad and Gopalganj) due to data collection errors for some variables in the other districts.For caste classification see Table 1. Castes 5 and 6 were combined for analysis due to small numbers. Muslims were excluded from the caste classification and are therefore presented collectively and separately.Maternal education (literacy) was assessed by asking the child whether their mother can read their hindi textbook. The proportions of literate mothers were similar for muslims and hindus, even in urdu speaking schools. All responses are therefore included in analysis.Defecation practice: variable created from questions pertaining to frequency (usually, sometimes, never) of use of an open field, river, jungle or latrine for defecation. Almost all open defecation (98%) takes place in an open field.Hand-hygiene practice: 95% of individuals within the "soil, ash or water" category use only soil to hand-wash after using the toilet.Risk factors for hookworm and A. lumbricoides infection, Bihar India (N = 1157).