Broadband localization of light at the termination of a topological photonic waveguide

Localized optical field enhancement enables strong light-matter
interactions necessary for efficient manipulation and sensing of light.
Specifically, tunable broadband energy localization in nanoscale hotspots
offers a wide range of applications in nanophotonics and quantum optics.
We experimentally demonstrate a novel principle for the local enhancement
of electromagnetic fields, based on strong suppression of backscattering.
This is achieved at a designed termination of a topologically non-trivial
waveguide that nearly preserves the valley degree of freedom. The symmetry
origin of the valley degree of freedom prevents edge states to undergo
intervalley scattering at waveguide discontinuities that obey the symmetry
of the crystal. Using near-field microscopy, we reveal that this can lead
to strong confinement of light at the termination of a topological
photonic waveguide, even without breaking time-reversal symmetry. We
emphasize the importance of symmetry conservation by comparing different
waveguide termination geometries, confirming that the origin of suppressed
backscattering lies with the near-conservation of the valley degree of
freedom, and show the broad bandwidth of the effect.