Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis provides insights into anthocyanin and procyanidin accumulation in pear

Background: Pear is one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Anthocyanins and procyanidins (PAs) are important secondary metabolites that affect the appearance and nutritive quality of pear. However, few studies have focused on the molecular mechanism underlying anthocyanin and PA accumulation in pear. Results: We conducted metabolome and transcriptome analyses to identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin and PA accumulation in young fruits of the pear cultivar 'Clapp Favorite' (CF) and its red mutation cultivar 'Red Clapp Favorite' (RCF). Gene–metabolite correlation analyses revealed a 'core set' of 20 genes that were strongly correlated with 10 anthocyanin and seven PA metabolites. Of these, PcGSTF12 was confirmed to be involved in anthocyanin and PA accumulation by complementation of the tt19-7 Arabidopsis mutant. Interestingly, PcGSTF12 was found to be responsible for the accumulation of procyanidin A3, but not petunidin 3, 5-diglucoside, opposite to the function of AtGSTs in Arabidopsis. Transformation with PcGSTF12 greatly promoted or repressed genes involved in anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis, regulation, and transport. Electrophoretic mobility shift and luciferase reporter assays confirmed positive regulation of PcGSTF12 by PcMYB114. Conclusion: These findings identify a core set of genes for anthocyanin and PA accumulation in pear. Of these, PcGSTF12 was confirmed to be involved in anthocyanin and PA accumulation. Our results also identified an important anthocyanin and PA regulation node comprising two core genes, PcGSTF12 and PcMYB114. These results provide novel insights into anthocyanin and PA accumulation in pear and represent a valuable data set to guide future functional studies and pear breeding. Overall design: mRNA expression profile of young fruits of the pear cultivar 'Clapp Favorite' (CF) and its red mutation cultivar 'Red Clapp Favorite' (RCF) in different times.