The transition matrices for HMMs.

This study analysed sprint kayak pacing profiles in order to categorise and compare an athlete’s race profile throughout their career. We used functional principal component analysis of normalised velocity data for 500m and 1000m races to quantify pacing. The first four principal components explained 90.77% of the variation over 500m and 78.80% over 1000m. These principal components were then associated with unique pacing characteristics with the first component defined as a dropoff in velocity and the second component defined as a kick. All other defined characteristics were a variation of these two, i.e., late kick. We then applied a Hidden Markov model to categorise each profile over an athlete’s career, using the PC scores, into different types of race profiles. This model included age and event type and identified a trend for a higher dropoff in development pathway athletes. Using the four different race profile types, four athletes had all their race profiles throughout their careers analysed. It was identified that an athlete’s pacing profile changes throughout their career as an athlete matures. This information provides coaches, practitioners and athletes with expectations as to how pacing profiles change across the course of an athlete’s career.