Across all individuals, elk and cattle consistently changed some of their behavior in response to wolf presence (treatment phase) compared to wolf absence (pre- treatment and post- treatment phases) within elk home ranges and cattle pastures in southwest Alberta, Canada during 2004–2007.

1See Table S1 for details on how each metric of prey behavior was calculated. 2Insignificant Wilcoxon test's (No Change). 3Arrow indicates a significant difference between the paired pre-phase and treatment phase (assessed using a Wilcoxon test) and the direction of the change.