Enterprise Survey 2009 - Romania

Abstract
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The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The manufacturing and services sectors are the primary business sectors of interest. This corresponds to firms classified with International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64, and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1). Formal (registered) companies with 5 or more employees are targeted for interview. Services firms include construction, retail, wholesale, hotels, restaurants, transport, storage, communications, and IT. Firms with 100% government/state ownership are not eligible to participate in an Enterprise Survey.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for Romania was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in this country: industry, establishment size, and oblast (region).

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into 23 manufacturing industries, 2 services industries -retail and IT-, and one residual sector. Each group of sectors had a target of 180 interviews.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification was defined in eight regions. These regions are Nord-Est, Sud-Est, Sud, Vest, Nord-Vest, Bucuresti, Sud-Vest, and Centru.

Given the stratified design, sample frames containing a complete and updated list of establishments for the selected regions were required. Great efforts were made to obtain the best source for these listings. However, the quality of the sample frames was not optimal and, therefore, some adjustments were needed to correct for the presence of ineligible units. These adjustments are reflected in the weights computation.

For most countries covered in BEEPS IV, two sample frames were used. The first was supplied by the World Bank and consisted of enterprises interviewed in BEEPS 2005. The World Bank required that attempts should be made to re-interview establishments responding to the BEEPS 2005 survey where they were within the selected geographical regions and met eligibility criteria. That sample is referred to as the Panel. The second frame used in Romania was the Trade Register of Romania. The full frame was not made available. Instead an extract was selected in Romania according to instructions from the TNS statistical team in London.

The quality of the frame was assessed at the onset of the project. The frame proved to be useful though it showed positive rates of non-eligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. These problems are typical of establishment surveys, but given the impact these inaccuracies may have on the results, adjustments were needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of contacts to complete the survey was 37% (414 out of 1,115 establishments).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Screener Questionnaire.

The “Core Questionnaire” is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the “Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module” and the “Core Questionnaire + Retail Module.” The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in the document "Description of Romania Implementation 2009.pdf"

摘要
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本调查旨在收集客户国家企业对私营部门现状的反馈，并有助于构建一个企业数据面板，从而能够追踪商业环境随时间的变化，从而实现对改革影响的评估。通过访谈制造业和服务业的企业，本调查评估了私营部门增长的限制，并创建了具有统计显著性且在不同国家间可比的商业环境指标。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正规性、商业与政府关系、创新与科技以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和绩效的看法。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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本研究的主要抽样单元为法人实体。法人实体是指进行商业活动和工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个法人实体组成。例如，一个啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销法人实体。在本调查中，法人实体必须能够自行做出财务决策，并拥有与其企业财务报表分开的财务报表。法人实体还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。
总体
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制造业和服务业是感兴趣的优先商业部门。这对应于被归类为国际标准产业分类（ISIC）代码15-37、45、50-52、55、60-64和72（ISIC Rev.3.1）的企业。目标为拥有5名或更多员工的有形（注册）公司进行访谈。服务公司包括建筑、零售、批发、酒店、餐馆、运输、仓储、通信和IT。拥有100%政府/国家所有权的企业无权参与企业调查。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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罗马尼亚的样本是通过分层随机抽样选择的。在该国使用了三个分层级别：行业、企业规模和地区（州）。
行业分层被设计如下：总体被分为23个制造业行业、2个服务业行业（零售和IT）以及一个剩余部门。每个行业组的目标为180次访谈。
规模分层遵循以下标准化定义：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的需要，员工数量基于报告的正式全职员工数量。这似乎是对劳动力的一种适当定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业在建筑和农业部门之外并不常见。
地区分层被定义为八个地区。这些地区是Nord-Est、Sud-Est、Sud、Vest、Nord-Vest、Bucuresti、Sud-Vest和Centru。
鉴于分层设计，需要包含所选地区中所有法人实体完整且更新列表的样本框。为了获得这些列表的最佳来源，付出了巨大努力。然而，样本框的质量并非最优，因此需要对不合规单位的存在进行一些调整。这些调整反映在权重计算中。
对于BEEPS IV中覆盖的大多数国家，使用了两个样本框。第一个是由世界银行提供的，包括在BEEPS 2005中被访谈的企业。世界银行要求，应尝试重新访谈在所选地理区域内并符合资格标准的BEEPS 2005调查的法人实体。该样本被称为面板。在罗马尼亚使用的第二个框架是罗马尼亚的商业登记册。完整的框架并未提供。相反，根据伦敦TNS统计团队的指示，在罗马尼亚选择了提取。
样本框的质量在项目开始时进行了评估。该框架被证明是有用的，尽管它显示出非合格率、重复、不存在单位等正面的比率。这些问题是法人实体调查中的典型问题，但考虑到这些不准确可能对结果产生的影响，在计算个体观察值的适当权重时需要进行调整。确认的非合格单位占完成调查的总联系数量的37%（414个法人实体中的414个）。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具包括以下内容：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 筛选问卷。
“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有两个其他调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行现场调查，以便不向特定类型的企业提出不相关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提出。除了在各国提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含针对特定国家的问卷。定制的例子包括在旅游是现有或潜在经济增长部门的国家中询问与旅游业相关的问题。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正规性、商业与政府关系、创新与科技以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。
数据清洗操作
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数据输入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量（通常为10%、50%和100%）的形式交付给世界银行。这些数据交付将检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回调和重新访问法人实体进行纠正。
响应率
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有关抽样方法、样本框、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息可以在文档“2009年罗马尼亚实施描述.pdf”中找到。