Permian–Triassic phylogenetic and morphologic evolution of rhynchonellide brachiopods

The Rhynchonellida is a major group of brachiopods that survived the “big five” mass extinctions and flourished after the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) crisis. However, phylogenetic and character evolution in the Rhynchonellida across the P-Tr transition is poorly understood. In view of the widespread homoplasy across this order, we employ a tip-dated Bayesian analysis to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for Late Permian–Triassic rhynchonellides. The same data were also analyzed using three other methods: undated Bayesian, equal-weighting, and implied-weighting parsimony. Compared with trees generated by other methods, those constructed by tip-dating best account for the homoplasy in this group, and are closer to previous assumptions on the evolution of this group. Based on the analyses of multiple trees, the major increase in lineage richness occurred in the Early and early Middle Triassic, and the richness in the Anisian almost reached its highest level in the Triassic. According to f...