Table I: Descriptive statistics

The summary statistics allow the study to synthesize the main trends (mean, standard deviation, maximum value, minimum value and number of observations) of the variables, which presents an overview of the characteristics of the sample. Table I reports the summary statistics of energy use per capita, CO2 emissions per capita, credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP, GDPPC growth and income inequality indicators (Atkinson coefficient, Gini index, and the Palma ratio). The sample size consists of 41 countries in Africa over a period of 15 years, summing up 615 observations. The study employed different measures of income inequality and poverty headcount ratios for robustness checks as they capture different tendencies of the population. The mean value of energy use per capita is 691.22, and the standard deviation is 712.75. This suggests a significant variation or dispersion between the mean value of energy use per capita and the individual observations. The study also finds a significant variation in CO2 emissions per capita values from their mean value. The standard deviation of 1.601 shows a significant dispersion from the mean of 1.001. The wide variations among the variables indicate the large differences in development among countries in Africa.