Rethinking education and training to counter AI-enhanced disinformation and information manipulations in Europe: a Delphi study

The rise of AI-driven technologies has created new avenues for disinformation and poses a significant security threat. This study uses the Delphi method to analyse the emerging training needs and skills required to combat AI-driven disinformation. The experts emphasise that the public’s and policy makers’ understanding of AI-driven disinformation is still very fragmentary. They highlight the need for improved digital competences and skills, updated educational frameworks and continuous training through micro-credentials. In addition, the experts point out the importance of integrating non-technological skills such as geopolitical awareness and historical analysis into the digital skills framework. The findings emphasise the importance of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to learning that incorporates both technical and critical thinking skills to counter the evolving landscape of disinformation. The study recommends proactive measures, including the development of early detection systems for new technologies and the implementation of flexible, modular learning opportunities, to ensure that professionals and citizens can adapt to emerging threats.