Displacement of tree species and biomass loss under climate change in the Amazon

Displacement of tree species and biomass loss under climate change in the Amazon Overview The objective of this study is to quantify climate-driven displacement of Amazonian tree species and assess its consequences for assemblage composition and biomass dynamics. Specifically, we aim to (i) estimate the magnitude and direction of species distribution shifts, (ii) evaluate changes in range size (loss, gain, and stability) and spatial turnover in biodiversity (β-diversity), and (iii) quantify associated changes in community-level biomass under current and future climate scenarios. Data Components 1. Species Occurrence DataGeoreferenced occurrence records of tree species across the Amazon basin. These data were compiled from multiple sources and standardized to ensure spatial and taxonomic consistency. Each record includes species identity, geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude), and, when available, sampling metadata. 2. Environmental VariablesRaster layers representing environmental predictors used in ENMs, including climatic variables, edaphic properties, and other abiotic factors. All layers were harmonized to a common spatial resolution and extent covering the Amazon region. Future climate projections were obtained from CMIP6 for 2041–2071 (2070) and 2081–2100 (2100), considering three emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) and three GCMs (GFDL-ESM4, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, and MRI-ESM2-0). 3. Ecological Niche Modeling Outputs - TODOSpatial predictions generated from ENMs for each focal species. These outputs represent habitat suitability across the study region and are provided as continuous raster layers. Model calibration followed standard procedures for ecological niche modeling for present and future scenarios. 4. Functional Traits DataWe compiled two plant functional traits: growth form and plant height (m). Growth form was classified into seven categories—tree, shrub, palm, woody vine, herb, herbaceous vine, and succulent—and then grouped into woody and non-woody classes. Plant height was averaged when multiple measurements were available. Data Structure and Formats Tabular data: .csv Spatial raster data: .tif (GeoTIFF) Metadata and documentation: .txt or .md (README files) All datasets are organized in a structured directory with clear naming conventions. Metadata include variable descriptions, units, coordinate reference systems, and data provenance. Methods Summary Species occurrence data were cleaned and filtered to reduce spatial bias and ensure data quality. Environmental variables were selected based on ecological relevance and low multicollinearity. Habitat disturbance layers were derived from remote sensing products and land-use datasets. We compiled two plant functional traits: growth form and plant height (m).