ANATOMY OF THE LIVER: STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body and plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, detoxification, and synthesis of essential biomolecules. Its structural organization includes complex vascular and biliary systems that support numerous physiological processes necessary for maintaining homeostasis. The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and the portal vein, allowing efficient processing of nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Histologically, the liver is composed of hepatic lobules containing hepatocytes, sinusoidal capillaries, Kupffer cells, and bile canaliculi. Recent scientific studies have expanded our understanding of hepatic microarchitecture and its role in metabolic regulation and immune responses. The aim of this article is to analyze the structural organization of the liver, its physiological functions, and its clinical significance based on modern anatomical and medical research.