Revisiting perceived determinants of tourism destination competitiveness among tourists: The case of national parks in Sarawak, Malaysia

This study explores the key factors influencing ecotourism destination competitiveness in Sarawak, Malaysia, focusing on Bako, Niah, Kubah, Gunung Gading, and Gunung Mulu National Parks. Data was collected from 188 respondents using a closed questionnaire. Using partial least square structural equation modeling, the study reveals that endowed resources (natural resources and cultural heritage attractions), created resources (range of activities), and supporting resources (destination accessibility and quality of tourism services) all significantly enhance tourism destination competitiveness. The findings contribute to the literature on destination competitiveness from the tourist perspective and provide valuable insights for tourism planners, business operators, and policymakers, helping to improve the management and development of natural tourism destinations.