Ecosystem disturbance vulnerability assessment considering human impact decoupling and temporal anomalies

Traditional ecosystem vulnerability assessments rely on static snapshots and cannot capture the cumulative and lagged effects of human activities and ecological processes. To address this limitation, we develop an Ecosystem Disturbance Vulnerability Index (EDVI), a dynamic indicator that integrates the frequency, intensity, and cumulative value of interannual anomalies into an exposure–sensitivity–adaptation (ESA) framework while decoupling human impacts. We apply EDVI to the Hohhot–Baotou–Ordos–Yulin (HBOY) urban agglomeration from 2001 to 2022.