云杉属种质资源收集评价优化创新与繁殖体系的构建
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云杉属全球有45个种和变种，广布北半球欧、亚和北美大陆，构成高纬度和低纬度高海拔植被区的主要顶级群落建群种，在我国属第四大树种之一，在12个省区居重要地位，构成林产业的重要基础。项目组自2000年组建以来针对我国基本无云杉遗传改良种子利用的现状，从零起步，在吸收国际当代先进育种理念基础上，从云杉属物种众多广域分布的特性入手，着手于世界性多水平种质资源的收集、保存、评价与利用，历经15年不懈努力，率先建立了国际领先的超大容量种质资源库，构建了以种质创新为核心，引进为主导的引、选、育、繁一体化推进的全新云杉遗传改良体系，为我国云杉高速高效优质低投入持续改良奠定基础。项目取得的主要成果有： 1.全球格局多水平收集保存云杉属种质资源，包括该属的34个主要种（占世界种的75%）及其种源、家系和无性系种质3869份，保存评价总造林面积156 hm2，建成遗传多样性高、容量超大的国家级种质库，为我国云杉持续改良奠定坚实基础。 2.系统研究了世界云杉的地理分布、生态生物学和分子基础上的系统学，以形态、物候、适应性、生长、子代测验为依据，对收集的主要种、种源、家系、无性系进行了综合遗传评价 初步选育优良核心种质300份，为设计今后云杉属遗传改良提供了基础性种质保障 确定了我国各云杉栽培区的近期适生种和家系，选出极具速生性、观赏性和适应性的欧洲云杉、白云杉及蓝云杉等优良种源、家系和无性系，提前了我国云杉良种化的进程，可使生产力至少提高20%以上。
The genus Picea comprises 45 species and varieties, which are widely distributed across Eurasia and North America in the Northern Hemisphere. They serve as the dominant constructive species of climax vegetation communities in both high-latitude regions and high-altitude areas of low-latitude zones. As one of the top four tree species in China, Picea plays an important role in 12 provincial-level administrative regions and constitutes a vital foundation for the forestry industry. Since its establishment in 2000, the research team started from scratch in response to the current situation that China basically lacked available seeds for Picea genetic improvement. Based on adopting internationally advanced contemporary breeding concepts and starting from the wide-ranging distribution characteristics of numerous Picea species, the team focused on the collection, preservation, evaluation and utilization of global multi-level germplasm resources. After 15 years of unremitting efforts, they took the lead in establishing an ultra-large-capacity germplasm bank that leads internationally, and constructed a brand-new Picea genetic improvement system centered on germplasm innovation and guided by introduction, integrating introduction, selection, breeding and propagation, which laid a foundation for the sustained, high-speed, efficient, high-quality and low-input improvement of Picea in China. The main achievements of the project are as follows: 1. Multi-level collection and preservation of Picea germplasm resources on a global scale: A total of 3869 germplasm accessions including 34 major Picea species (accounting for 75% of the world's total), their provenances, families and clones were collected and preserved. The total afforestation area for preservation and evaluation reached 156 hm². A national-level germplasm bank with high genetic diversity and ultra-large capacity was established, laying a solid foundation for the sustained improvement of Picea in China. 2. Systematic studies were conducted on the geographic distribution, ecobiology and molecular-based systematics of global Picea. Based on morphological traits, phenology, adaptability, growth performance and progeny tests, comprehensive genetic evaluation was carried out on the collected major species, provenances, families and clones. A total of 300 excellent core germplasms were preliminarily selected, providing fundamental germplasm support for the future design of Picea genetic improvement. The suitable species and families for each Picea cultivation region in China in the near term were determined. Excellent provenances, families and clones such as Picea abies, Picea glauca and Picea pungens with rapid growth, high ornamental value and strong adaptability were selected, which accelerated the process of improved variety popularization of Picea in China and could increase productivity by at least 20%.
