Associations between retinal diameters and long- (previous 2 y) and short-term (previous day) exposures to fine particulate air pollution.

All associations reported as µm per interquartile range of 3 µg/m3 (for long term) and 9 µg/m3 (for short term). For both long- and short-term associations, model 1 controlled for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. In our long-term analyses, model 2 also included control for BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, income, education, smoking history, alcohol use, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Model 3 of our long-term analysis and Model 2 of our short-term analysis added control for LDL, HDL, blood pressure, diabetes, glucose, physical activity, emphysema, CRP, fibrinogen, and homocysteine. In our short-term analyses, model 2 controlled for all variables in model 3 of our long-term analysis while model 3 also included city-specific trends for day of week, time, temperature, and relative humidity. Model 4 added control for the fellow vessel diameter (e.g., CRAE or CRVE) to each models 3, and the joint model included long- and short-term concentrations simultaneously with control for covariates listed in the two respective models 4.