Studies from which 40 cases were extracted for meta-analysis, showing predator species, prey species and a range of coded ? information used in the sub-group analyses.

Citations in italics are studies that hold data that is non-independent to those from which the data in the analyses was extracted.Multiple refers to the removal of corvid, mustelid, fox, and other mammal and bird predators. ?Codes: Gr/Gu/W�Cprey family Grouse/Gulls/Waders; R/A/ND�Cprey designation - red/amber/no designation (following the red and amber lists of Gregory et al. (2002)); Co/Pa/Pr�Cprey abundance measure�Ccounts/breeding pairs/productivity; GK/NGK�Cgame keeper/no game keeper sites; Is/M�Cisland/mainland; S/T - spatial/temporal; BA/CE/FS�Cstudy design - before and after predator invasion/controlled experiment/field study with removal. The * denotes cases that could not be included in any of the groups of the categorical analysis.