Effects of dietary Phaffia rhodozyma astaxanthin on growth performance, carotenoid analysis, biochemical and immune-physiological parameters, intestinal microbiota, and disease resistance in Penaeus monodon

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary astaxanthin (Ast) from Phaffia rhodozyma on growth performance, survival, carotenoid content, the activity of antioxidant and immune-related enzymes, intestinal microbiota comparison, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon.