The contributions of phonological awareness and decoding on spelling in isiXhosa Grade 3 readers

The aims of this study are to establish the unique contributions which decoding and phonological awareness have on spelling in Grade 3 isiXhosa first language readers, as well as to determine whether the strength of these relationships differ by spelling ability. We include an initial exploratory study (study 1) and then aimed to replicate the results with a large sample in study 2.

The research questions of our preregistered study are:
1. What are the unique contributions of decoding and phonological awareness to spelling in Grade 3 isiXhosa readers?
2. To what extent does overall spelling ability affect the strength of the relationship between decoding and spelling, and phonological awareness and spelling?

本研究旨在确立解码与语音意识在三年级isiXhosa语种母语阅读者拼写能力方面的独特贡献，并探究这些关联的强度是否因拼写能力的差异而有所区别。本研究包含一项初步的探索性研究（研究1），随后旨在通过一项包含大量样本的研究（研究2）来复制上述研究结果。我们预注册研究的科研问题如下：
1. 解码与语音意识对三年级isiXhosa语种母语阅读者拼写能力有何独特贡献？
2. 总体拼写能力在多大程度上影响解码与拼写、语音意识与拼写之间的关联强度？