山核桃新品种选育及高效培育技术研究

项目围绕山核桃良种、矮化、早实、高产、稳产等技术关键，研究了山核桃新品种选育和高效栽培技术。主要研究内容如下： 1、通过遗传多样性研究，发现山核桃遗传变异主要来自居群内 居群间遗传交换小，这为山核桃优树选择，有效保护山核桃属植物种质资源，制定合理的品质遗传改良策略提供理论依据。 2、采用常规选育和分子标记相结合的方法，制定山核桃选优策略，初选出优株143株，复选优株60株，通过省林木品种审定委员会认定品种3个（编号：浙R-SC-CC-003-2006、浙R-SC-CC-004-2006、浙R-SC-CC-005-2006），结束了山核桃没有良种的历史 建立采穗圃 （兼种质资源圃）155亩，嫁接苗试验林570亩。 3、运用植物营养和生长调控理论，开展树体控制技术研究，实现了树体矮化和早实 克隆到成花相关基因CcLYF，并在基因库中登录。 4、揭示了山核桃生长发育规律，提出肥水需求理论 首次发现花蕾蛆和干腐病在山核桃中的危害，摸清其发生发展规律，建立了病虫害预测预报体系，筛选出高效无公害防治药剂和防治方法，防治有效率超过90% 研发集成山核桃生态高效培育技术，实现了丰产、稳产。 项目形成了5个高效培育技术系列标准（《山核桃无公害栽培技术标准》、《山核桃实生苗壮苗培育技术规程》、《山核桃嫁接育苗技术规程》、《山核桃采穗圃建立技术规程》、《山核桃丰产稳产栽培技术规程》），建立起一支研究山核桃的专业队伍，包括学校在编科研人员12人，县乡林业技术员32人。培养本科生53人，硕士研究生4人，博士研究生3人，发表论文13篇，待发表论文4篇，出版专著1本，申请到浙江省自然科学基金2项，国家自然科学基金1项。 项目实施期间，360公顷试验示范林平均产量高出同类林地675公斤/公顷，3年累计增产938.8吨，直接效益3755.1万元。项目成果推广培训 1.2万人次，发放资料2.5万份，辐射8万人次。项目实施期间，累计推广总面积3万余公顷，增收24323万元，效益显著。

This project focuses on the key technologies of improved varieties, dwarfing, early fruiting, high yield and stable yield of *Carya cathayensis* (Chinese hickory), and conducts research on new variety breeding and efficient cultivation techniques of Chinese hickory. The main research contents are as follows:
1. Through genetic diversity research, it was found that the genetic variation of Chinese hickory mainly occurs within populations, with limited genetic exchange among populations. This finding provides a theoretical basis for superior tree selection of Chinese hickory, effective conservation of germplasm resources of *Carya* genus, and formulation of reasonable strategies for quality genetic improvement.
2. Combining conventional breeding and molecular marker technologies, a strategy for selecting elite Chinese hickory plants was formulated. A total of 143 preliminary elite plants and 60 reselected elite plants were obtained. Three varieties were approved by the Provincial Forest Variety Approval Committee (serial numbers: ZheR-SC-CC-003-2006, ZheR-SC-CC-004-2006, ZheR-SC-CC-005-2006), ending the history of no improved varieties for Chinese hickory. A 155-mu scion collection nursery (also serving as a germplasm resource nursery) and a 570-mu grafted seedling experimental forest were established.
3. Applying plant nutrition and growth regulation theories, research on tree body control technologies was carried out, achieving tree dwarfing and early fruiting. The flowering-related gene *CcLYF* was cloned and deposited in GenBank.
4. The growth and development rules of Chinese hickory were revealed, and the water and fertilizer requirement theory was proposed. For the first time, the damage of flower bud midge and dry rot to Chinese hickory was discovered, and their occurrence and development rules were clarified. A pest and disease forecasting and early warning system was established, high-efficiency and environmentally friendly control agents and methods were screened out, with a control efficiency of over 90%. Integrated ecological and efficient cultivation techniques for Chinese hickory were developed, realizing high and stable yield.

The project has formulated 5 series of efficient cultivation technical standards, including *Technical Standards for Pollution-Free Cultivation of Chinese Hickory*, *Technical Regulations for Strong Seedling Cultivation of Chinese Hickory Seedlings*, *Technical Regulations for Grafting Nursery of Chinese Hickory*, *Technical Regulations for Establishment of Chinese Hickory Scion Collection Nursery*, and *Technical Regulations for High and Stable Yield Cultivation of Chinese Hickory*. A professional research team for Chinese hickory was established, including 12 on-site scientific researchers from universities and 32 forestry technicians at county and township levels. The project has trained 53 undergraduates, 4 master's students and 3 doctoral students, published 13 papers, with 4 papers awaiting publication, published 1 monograph, and obtained 2 grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province and 1 grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

During the implementation of the project, the average yield of the 360-hectare experimental demonstration forest was 675 kg/ha higher than that of similar forest lands, with a cumulative yield increase of 938.8 tons over 3 years, bringing direct economic benefits of 37.551 million RMB. The project has carried out promotion and training sessions for 12,000 person-times, distributed 25,000 copies of promotional materials, and radiated 80,000 person-times. During the project implementation period, the total promoted area exceeded 30,000 hectares, with an increased income of 243.23 million RMB, achieving remarkable economic benefits.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集总结了山核桃新品种选育及高效培育技术的研究项目，核心内容包括通过遗传多样性分析选育出3个新品种、建立采穗圃和试验林，并开发树体矮化、早实技术及病虫害防治体系，形成了5个技术标准。项目在试验示范林中实现显著增产，推广面积达3万余公顷，经济效益突出，为山核桃种植提供了科学理论和实践指导。