Girls in early childhood increase food returns of nursing women during subsistence activities of the BaYaka in the Republic of Congo

Nursing mothers face an energetic trade-off between infant care and work. Under pooled energy budgets, this trade-off can be reduced by assistance in food acquisition and infant care tasks from non-maternal caregivers. Across cultures, children also often provide infant care. Yet the question of who helps nursing mothers during foraging has been understudied, especially the role of children. Using focal follow data from 140 subsistence expeditions by BaYaka women in the Republic of Congo, we investigated how potential support from caregivers increased mothers’ foraging productivity. We found that the number of girls in early childhood (ages 4–7) in subsistence groups increased food returns of nursing women with infants (kcal collected per minute). This effect was stronger than that of other adult women, and older girls in middle childhood (ages 8–13) and adolescence (ages 14–19). Child helpers were not necessarily genetically related to nursing women. Our results suggest that it is youn...