Electrocardiogram and Echocardiography.

Abbreviations: HC, healthy control; HFPEF, heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction; HFREF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; HR, heart rate; AFib, atrial fibrillation based on ECG; LVEF, left-ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left-ventricule (LV) end diastolic diameter; LVESD, LV end systolic diameter; LVPW, LV posterior wall thickness; LVMI, LV mass indexed to body surface area (BSA); LVH, left-ventricular hypertrophy; LA index, left-atrial volume indexed to BSA; MR, mitral regurgitation; E-wave, early diastolic wave velocity; e', mitral valve annular velocity as measured medially or laterally by way of tissue Doppler imaging; and A-wave, late diastolic velocity due to atrial systole. See Methods section for details on how parameters were obtained. P-value represents Kruskal-Wallis Test or Chi-square Test where appropriate.*Grade of diastolic dysfunction excluding those patients with severe MR or poor visualization on echocardiography.