Time Use Survey 2000 - South Africa

Abstract
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The Time Use Survey (TUS) is a household-based survey that measures and analyses the time spent by women and men, girls and boys, the rich and the poor, on different activities over a specified period. Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) conducts time use surveys using the 'yesterday' diary approach. A 'yesterday' diary is one in which the respondent is asked what they did for each period in the 24 hours of a day preceding the survey interview. Unlike data from other surveys, time use data reflects what activities are performed, how they are performed and how long it takes to perform such activities. Such activities include paid work, unpaid work, volunteer work, domestic work, leisure and personal activities.

Stats SA conducted the first TUS in 2000 and the second one in 2010. The TUS aims to provide information on the division of both paid and unpaid labour between women and men, shed light on the reproductive and leisure activities of household members, and provide information about less well-understood productive activities such as subsistence work, casual work and work in the informal sector. Therefore, TUS surveys can be used for gender policy analysis in relation to employment and unemployment, services for children, the elderly and people with disabilities, and provision of basic household services such as electricity and water that obviate the need for manual collection of fuel and water for household use.

Geographic coverage
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The survey has national coverage

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The TUS sample covered the non-institutional population aged 10 years and above excluding those living in worker hostels - thus representing an estimated 39,9 million people.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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The TUS 2000 sample frame was based on the frame prepared for the 1999 Survey of activities of young people (SAYP). This sample frame was based on the 1996 population census enumerator areas (EAs) and the number of households counted in the 1996 population census. The sampled population excluded all prisoners in prison, patients in hospital, people residing in boarding houses and hotels (whether temporary or semi-permanent), and boarding schools. The 16 EA types from the 1996 Population Census were condensed into four area types, or strata. The four strata were formal urban, informal urban, non-commercial farming rural, and commercial farming areas. Institution type EAs were excluded from the sample.

The sample is based on a stratified two-stage design with probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling of primary sampling units (PSUs) in the first stage, and sampling of dwelling units (DUs) with systematic sampling in the second stage. The EAs were explicitly stratified by province, and within a province by the four strata. The sample size (10 800 dwelling units, with 3 600 units in each of the three tranches) was disproportionately allocated to the explicit strata using the square root method. Within the strata, the EAs were ordered by magisterial district and the EA-types included in the area type (implicit stratification). PSUs consisted of an EA of at least 100 dwelling units. Where an EA contained less than 100 dwelling units, EAs were pooled (using Kish's method of pooling) to meet this requirement. Most EAs had fewer than 100 dwelling units. The dwelling unit was taken as the ultimate sampling unit (USU).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire for the TUS is comprised of five sections:

Section 1 - details of all household members
Section 2 - demographic details of the first person selected (respondent one) in each household
Section 3 - recorded activities performed by respondent one in each household (diary)
Section 4 - demographic details of the second person selected (respondent two) in each household
Section 5 - recorded activities performed by respondent two in each household (diary)

The diary was divided into half-hour slots. Respondents were asked an open-ended question on the activities performed during each half-hour period. These activities were then post-coded by the fieldworker according to the activity classification system. The respondent could report up to three activities for each time slot. Where there was more than one activity reported for a half hour, the respondent was asked whether these activities were conducted simultaneously, or one after the other.

The sections of the questionnaire for household and demographic data collection also contained additional questions on issues likely to affect time use. For example questions on access to household appliances owned. The questionnaire includes two location codes for each recorded activity. The first code provides for eight broadly-defined locations plus the mobile activity of travel. Where the location of a particular activity could be classified as more than one of the given options, the option highest on the list took precedence. The second code distinguished whether the activity was done inside or outside for the eight broadly-defined locations, and distinguished the mode of travel for all travel activity.

摘要
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时间利用调查（TUS）是一项基于家庭的调查，旨在衡量和分析在一定时期内男女、女孩和男孩、富人和穷人等不同群体在各类活动上所花费的时间。南非统计局（Stats SA）采用‘昨日’日记法进行时间利用调查。‘昨日’日记是指调查对象被询问在调查访谈前的24小时内每个时间段内所做的事情。与其它调查数据不同，时间利用数据反映了所执行的活动、活动执行方式以及完成此类活动所需的时间。这些活动包括有偿工作、无偿工作、志愿工作、家务工作、休闲和个人活动。

南非统计局于2000年首次开展了TUS调查，并于2010年进行了第二次调查。TUS旨在提供有关男女之间有偿和无偿劳动分配的信息，揭示家庭成员的生育和休闲活动，并提供有关诸如自给自足工作、零工和非法经济领域工作等不太为人所知的生产活动信息。因此，TUS调查可用于与就业和失业相关的性别政策分析，以及儿童、老年人和残疾人士的服务，以及提供基本家庭服务，如电力和用水，这些服务避免了家庭手动收集燃料和用水。

地理覆盖范围
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调查覆盖全国。
分析单位
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家庭和个人
总体
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TUS样本涵盖了10岁及以上非机构人口，不包括那些住在工人宿舍的人——从而代表了一个估计的3990万人。
数据类型
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样本调查数据
抽样程序
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TUS 2000样本框架基于为1999年青年活动调查（SAYP）准备的框架。此样本框架基于1996年人口普查的普查员区域（EAs）和1996年人口普查中统计的家庭数量。样本人口排除了所有囚犯、医院中的病人、居住在寄宿学校和旅馆（无论是临时还是半永久性）的人，以及寄宿学校的学生。1996年人口普查的16种EAs类型被浓缩为四种区域类型或层级。这四个层级是正式城市、非正式城市、非商业农业农村和商业农业地区。机构类型EAs被排除在样本之外。
样本基于分层两阶段设计，第一阶段采用与规模成比例的概率（PPS）抽样，抽样一级抽样单位（PSUs），第二阶段采用住宅单元（DUs）的系统抽样。EAs被明确分层，省份内按四个层级分层。样本量（10800个住宅单元，其中每个阶段3600个单元）使用平方根方法不成比例地分配给明确层级。在层级内，EAs按司法管辖区顺序排列，并包括在区域类型（隐含分层）中的EAs类型。PSUs由至少100个住宅单元的EAs组成。如果一个EAs包含少于100个住宅单元，则EAs被合并（使用Kish的合并方法）以满足这一要求。大多数EAs的住宅单元数量少于100。住宅单元被视为最终抽样单位（USU）。
数据收集方式
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面对面（f2f）
研究工具
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TUS的问卷由五个部分组成：
部分1 - 所有家庭成员的详细信息
部分2 - 每个家庭中选定的第一人（受访者一）的人口统计详细信息
部分3 - 记录受访者一在每个家庭中执行的活动（日记）
部分4 - 每个家庭中选定的第二人（受访者二）的人口统计详细信息
部分5 - 记录受访者二在每个家庭中执行的活动（日记）

日记被分为半小时时段。受访者被问及每个半小时时段内所执行的活动。然后，根据活动分类系统，由调查员对这些活动进行后编码。受访者可以为每个时间槽报告多达三个活动。如果一个半小时内报告了多个活动，受访者将被问及这些活动是否同时进行，或者一个接一个进行。
家庭和人口数据收集问卷的各部分还包含可能影响时间利用的问题的附加问题。例如，关于家庭拥有的家用电器的获取问题。问卷为每个记录的活动包含两个位置代码。第一个代码提供了八个广义定义的位置，以及旅行的移动活动。如果特定活动的位置可以归类为多个给定选项之一，则列表中最高的选项优先。第二个代码区分了八个广义定义的位置中活动是在室内还是室外进行，以及区分所有旅行活动的交通方式。