Supplementary Material for: Factors associated with mortality and long-term outcomes of Paediatric acute kidney injury in a resource-limited setting

Introduction Despite being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is worse in resource-limited areas. This study explores AKI incidence, in-hospital mortality, and long-term outcomes in resource-limited settings. Methods This was a prospective study of children with AKI from 2014 to 2019. KDIGO 2012 defined AKI. We assessed the aetiology, in-hospital mortality, and long-term outcome of AKI in a mission hospital. Results Only 169 of 201 AKI patients had complete data. The ages ranged from 1.08 months to 17.5 years; 65.7% were male and 65.1% were from socio-economic class. The incidence of AKI was 59.6 cases per 1000 persons (95% CI 5.42, 47.1). Most patients had stage 1 KDIGO AKI (91; 53.8%). 1-5 years old had the highest incidence of AKI (65; 38.5%) Sepsis (26.6%), severe malaria (15.4%), and nephrotic syndrome (14.8%) were common AKI causes. Fever (72.8%), pallor (52.1%), and vomiting (45.6%) were the most common symptoms. Thirty-two (27.8%) patients had high blood pressure. In-hospital mortality was 14.8% (95% CI 9.8, 21.1). The cumulative incidence of AKI-related mortality was 93, 2 per 1000 person-years. Poor outcome was associated with breathlessness, hyponatraemia, and leucocytosis. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed 80% (CI 74-87%) survival after 5-year of AKI. On Cox proportional-hazards analysis, the absence of breathlessness (HR 2.537, 95% CI 1.210 to 5.317) and hyponatremia (HR 2.914, 95% CI 1.343 to 6.324) were associated with increased survival. Discussion/Conclusion In resource-limited settings, infectious diseases and nephrotic syndrome are common causes of AKI. Factors associated with mortality include breathlessness and hyponatremia.