CROSS-CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS IN ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA: CAUSES AND STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION

This article examines cross-cultural misunderstandings in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) communication. With the increasing use of English for international communication, speakers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds often experience misinterpretations, pragmatic failures, and communication breakdowns. The study analyzes the main causes of misunderstandings, including linguistic differences, cultural norms, and pragmatic conventions. Strategies for reducing misunderstandings are discussed, such as awareness-raising, explicit teaching of ELF pragmatics, intercultural training, and fostering adaptive communication skills. Findings suggest that a combination of pedagogical interventions and cultural sensitivity can enhance effective ELF communication.