Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.

Climate change, landscape homogenization and the decline of beneficial insects threaten pollination services to wild plants and crops. Understanding how pollination potential (i.e. the capacity of ecosystems to support pollination of plants) is affected by climate change and landscape homogenization is fundamental for our ability to predict how such anthropogenic stressors affect plant biodiversity. Models of pollinator potential are improved when based on pairwise plant-pollinator interactions and pollinator´s plant preferences. However, whether the sum of predicted pairwise interactions with a plant within a habitat (a proxy for pollination potential) relates to pollen deposition on flowering plants has not yet been investigated. We sampled plant-bee interactions in 68 Scandinavian plant communities in landscapes of varying land-cover heterogeneity along a latitudinal temperature gradient of 4–8 C°, and estimated pollen deposition as the number of pollen grains on flowers of the bee-p..., We sampled plant-bee interactions in 68 semi-natural, forb-dominated, plant communities. We used linear open landscape features such as roadsides as a model system and established one 50×2m transect for our surveys in each site. To cover the main flowering period, we sampled plant-bee interactions once in May, June and July at each site. To standardize sampling times across sites and countries, timing of the first sampling was determined by the peak flowering of dandelions (Taraxacum officinale). All flower-visiting bees were collected from flowers and stored in 96% EtOH prior to identification. Specimens within the B. sensu stricto subgenus were treated as one morpho-species. Each transect observation lasted 30 minutes, adding 30 seconds per collected specimen, to account for handling time. Sampling only took place on days with temperatures > 15°C, local wind speed < 5 m/s, with little to no cloud cover and no rain to standardize sampling conditions between networks.
In late June..., , # Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.s1rn8pkgt](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.s1rn8pkgt)

The ModelMetaComNetDF.csv file was used to model plant-bee interactions using a generalized mixed effects model using the formula (R syntax):

*glmer(Interaction occurrence ~ Bee Social status × Annual mean temperature + Bee Social status × Landscape Shannon diversity + Plant abundance + BeeDCA1 × PlantDCA1 + BeeDCA2 × PlantDCA2 + BeeDCA3 × PlantDCA3 + BeeDCA4 × PlantDCA4 + Bee Phenology × Plant Phenology + square root (Distance to Sandy soils) + Regional Commonness + (1|Site identity), family = binomial)*

To predict onto sites we used a leave-one-out cross validation where for each of the 68 sites, data from the site was removed from the data while fitting the model which was then used to predict the likelihood of occurrence of all bee-plant interactions in the site.

the MetaCo...