ʻInhibitoryʼ Test Paradigms: Testing Methods and Results.

△ Outcome variable related to specific objectives of the review.
¤ Sequence I-II: temporal heat summation (forearm); sequence III-IV: HPT (forearm); sequences separated by 2 min.
ABP = arterial blood pressure; ACC = subgenual anterior cortex cinguli; BIA = burn injury A (probe area 0.8 cm2, 48°C, 2 min, application force 1N, arms/hands); BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BIB = burn injury B (12.5 cm2, 47°C, 7 min); BOLD = blood-oxygen-level dependent contrast imaging; BTS = brief thermal sensitization (45°C, 3 min); BR-TNS = nociceptive component of blink reflex (supraorbital transcutaneous nerve stimulation, 0.1 ms duration, 0.15 Hz, 9–12 mA) assessed by integrated and rectified m. orbicularis oculi EMG [25–45 ms gated = R2 response]); BS = brush stimulation (1 cm stroke, 1 Hz, duration 25s, ISI 30s); CAS = conditioned aversive stimuli; CASE = cognitive affective side effects; CC = contact cold (30 x 30 mm2/ 25 x 50 mm2; -0.5°C/s or NR); CDT = cool detection threshold; CEVAS = continuous (0.2 Hz) EVAS; CHA = contact heat (30 x 30 mm2, 0.5°C/s); CHB = contact heat (2 cm2, 0.5°C/s); CHC = contact heat (3 x 3 cm2, 1°C/s); CHEP = contact heat evoked potentials (SSEP); COVAS = computerized visual analog scale; CPR = cold pain rating; CPRR = cold pain ratings at 5, 10 and 15°C, applied in a random order for 2 seconds; CPS = categorical pain scale; CPT = cold pain threshold; CPTo = cold pain threshold; CPTT = cold pressor test (ice-water); CWIT = cold-water immersion test (max. duration 2 min, hand); CWITA = cold-water immersion test A (approx. 7 min duration, hand/foot/leg); CWITB = cold-water immersion test B (40s, repeated 5 times, intersession resting period 3 min, fixed temperature level [8–16°C] corresponding to a CPR [“mild-to-moderate pain”: EVAS mean 42 (0–100)], foot); CWITC = cold-water immersion test C (8 consecutive immersions, 2 min duration, inter-stimulus interval 5 min, fingertip to shoulder and vice versa); CWITD = cold-water immersion test D (immersion 5 min duration, 10°C, hand, n = 18)); DEPTA = dental electrical pain threshold A (10 ms stimuli, 5 Hz); DEPTB = dental electrical pain threshold B (100 pulses, single pulse duration 0.1 ms, 0.6 s train, 0–0.5 mA); DEPTC = dental electrical pain threshold C (duration 22 ms, 6.2 Hz, 0–0.1 mA); DLPFC = left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DPCS = descending pain control system; EDT = electrical detection threshold; EMG RII-BF = electromyographic reflex responses [RII, latency 50–70 ms] from biceps femoris muscle [BF]; EMG RIII-BF = electromyographic reflex responses [RIII, latency 90–150 ms] from biceps femoris muscle [BF]; EMG H-reflex = electromyographic reflex responses [H] from soleus muscle [S]; EP = [somatosensory] evoked potentials; EPT = electrical pain threshold; EPTo = electrical pain tolerance; EVAS = electronic VAS; FEPT = finger electrical pain threshold (100 Hz, pulse-trains of 100 ms, duration 1s, 0–1.9 mA); FES = finger electrical stimulation (see FEPT); fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; FPP = finger pressure pain (2,000 g applied at dorsal surface of middle phalanx of index finger for 1 min); HF-TENSA = high-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation A (bi-phasic stimulus, duration 0.6 ms, 100 Hz, 45 mA, cheeks); HF-TENSB = high-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation B (duration 0.06 ms, 100 Hz, segmental, sural nerve); HF-TNS = high-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation (duration 0.2 ms, 100 Hz, 2 mA, segmental/heterosegmental cutaneous nerves); HGD80% max = handgrip dynamometer 80% maximum grip strength for 90s; HGSD = handgrip strength measured by dynamometry (isometric, repeated contractions; set to 50% maximum grip strength 20 contractions/ set to 50% maximum grip strength/30% of maximal voluntary contraction/12-kg load 20 times); HPR = heat pain ratings; HPT = heat pain threshold; HPTo = heat pain tolerance; HR = heart rate; HSA = tonic heat stimulus with contact thermode (1 cm2, fixed temperature level corresponding to HPR 50 [COVAS 0–100], duration 120 s); HSB = phasic heat stimulus with contact thermode (9 cm2, 47.5°C, duration 5 s, repeated 64 times, inter-stimulus interval 45 s); HSC = tonic heat stimulus with contact thermode (5.3 cm2, fixed temperature level [46–50°C] corresponding to a HPR [“mild-to-moderate pain”], duration 30 s repeated 5 times, intersession resting period 3 min); HSD = tonic heat stimulus with contact thermode (9 cm2, fixed temperature level corresponding to HPR 7 [NRS 0–10], duration 22 s); HSE = phasic and tonic heat stimuli with contact thermode (6 cm2; 0.7°C/s or 35 s at HPT); HSF = tonic heat stimuli with contact thermode (3 x 3 cm2, 4 stimuli, 46°C, 25s, ISI 30s); HSG = phasic heat stimuli with contact thermode (3 x 3 cm2, 4 randomized stimuli, 43–48°C, duration 5 s, ISI 62 s, 10°C/s, repeated 10 times); HSH = stimulation with short phasic contact stimuli (stimulus area 0.6 cm2, peak temperature 51.8°C, 6 stimuli, ISI 15 s); HSI = phasic heat stimulus with RHSHG-technique (45°C, 5 s); HWIT = hot water immersion test (2 min, hand); IDES = intradermal electrical stimulation (rectangular, 0.5 ms duration, 2 Hz, high density); ISI = interstimulus interval; IPT = ischemia pain threshold; IPTo = ischemia pain tolerance; ITC-SS = infra-threshold cold stimulation—single stimuli (2.5 cm2, 0.2°C, 0.7 s stimuli, forearm); ITC-TS = infra-threshold cold stimulation—temporal summation (2.5 cm,2 0.2°C, 0.7 s stimuli, train of 15 stimuli, 3 s inter-stimulus interval, hand); LDPFC = left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; LF-TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (2.5 Hz, 0.2 ms duration, train of 5 impulses, 100 ms interval; stimulation areas 18.0 cm2); LF-TNS = low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (duration 0.1 ms, 2 Hz, 9–45 V, 30 min stimulation hand/face [infraorbital nerve]); MAC = maximal aerobic capacity; MPQ = McGill Pain Questionnaire; MSNA = microneurographic recordings of sympathetic nerve activity to muscle; MSR = monosynaptic spinal reflex; NFR = nociceptive flexion reflex (same as NPR [RIII]); N.R. = not reported; NRS = pain ratings by numerical pain scale (0–10/100); NS = noxious stimuli; NPR = nociceptive polysynaptic reflex (same as NFR [RIII]); PAA = pressure algometry (1 cm2, 30 kPa/s); PAB = see PAA (1 cm2, 98 kPa/s); PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PCS = pain catastrophizing scale; PDT = pin-prick detection threshold; PMES = pain magnitude estimation scale; PPR = pin-prick pain rating; PPT = pin-prick pain threshold; PRPT = pressure pain thresholds; PSR = tactile polysynaptic reflexes (RII); RDEPTB = repetitive (1Hz, 3 min stimulation, inter-stimulus interval 7 min, 11 stimulation periods), DEPTB (see above); RESA = repetitive electrical skin stimulation (1–31 mA; other data NR); RESB = see RESA (1–31 mA, 1 mA increment, 93 stimuli, ISI 2.5 s); RESC = see RESA (200 Hz, duration 20 ms, ISI 20–40 s, repeated 40 times); rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; RHS = radiant heat stimulation; RHSD = radiant heat stimulation by dolorimeter (0, 50, 340 and 390 mcal/s/cm2); RHSHG = radiant heat stimulation by halogen globe (95 mm2 [14] and [52]/ 28 mm2 [28] apertures, 0.5°C/s, maximum 45/48/49°C); RMS = root mean square; RPS = ratio proportional pain scale; RR = respiratory rate; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SHA = secondary hyperalgesia areas; SETT = modified submaximal effort tourniquet test; SIA = stress-induced analgesia; SOWS = subjective opioid withdrawal scale; SP = skin pinching (two opposed pegs, diameter 6 mm, force 18–25 N, stimulus duration 2 min, ISI 8 min, 5 anatomical sites); SSE = somatic side effects; SSEP = EP; STCR = supra-threshold cold stimulation pain ratings; STAI = State-trait Anxiety Inventory; STHR = supra-threshold heat stimulation pain ratings; STH-SS = supra-threshold heat stimulation—single stimulation (2.5 cm2, 52°C, duration 0.7 s/3.0 s, hand); STH-TS = supra-threshold heat stimulation—temporal summation (se STH-SS characteristics; train-of-ten); STPPR = suprathreshold pressure pain ratings (28 mm2, 700 kPa, 60 s); Sural noxious/tactile TNS = transdermal electrical sural nerve stimulation (randomized: 3 noxious stimuli [70–80 mA] or 2 tactile stimuli [4–8 mA]); Sural-TNSA = transdermal electrical sural nerve stimulation A (1 ms duration, train of 8–10, 20 ms train-duration [1]/1 ms duration, train-of-10, internal frequency 300 Hz, train-frequency 0.2 Hz, 10 mA [2]/ 1 ms duration, train-of-6, internal frequency 200 Hz, train-frequency 0.2 Hz, 10 mA [8]/ 1 ms duration, train-of-8, train-frequency 0.25 Hz, 0–30 mA [10]/ 1 ms duration, train-of-5, train-duration 20 ms, train-frequency 0.17 Hz [11]/ 1 ms duration, long lasting train (50–60 ms), internal frequency 300 Hz, 10 mA [48]; Sural-TNSB = transdermal electrical sural nerve stimulation B (300 Hz, 1 ms duration, long-lasting train, 5 mA); Sural-TNSC = transdermal electrical sural nerve stimulation C (volley of 5 stimuli, 1 ms duration, interstimulus interval 3 ms, 4–40 mA, 3 stimulation sessions spaced by 5 min); TAM = tibialis anterior muscle; TCS = thermal contact stimulators (3.1 cm2/0.8 cm2, 43/46/49°C, 2 x 6 stimuli, stimulus-duration max. 5 s, forearm); TDES = transdermal electrical stimulation (low density); TESA = transcutaneous electrical stimulation (duration 1 ms, 100 Hz, 0–6.4 mA, increments 0.05 mA, train-of-eight, randomized interval 15–25 s); TESB = see TESA (0.2 mA increments, ISI 1.2 s); TG = “thermal grill” is a device applied to the skin composed of six bars with alternating warm and cold temperatures (even- and odd-numbered) controlled by Peltier elements; Tibial-TNS = transdermal posterior tibial nerve stimulation (1 msec duration, 0.2 Hz); TSHSA = Temporal summation of heat stimuli A (49°C, stimulation area 9 cm2, stimulus duration 0.5 s, inter-stimulus interval 2.5 s, train of 10 stimuli, left forearm); TSHSB = Temporal summation of heat stimuli B (48°C, stimulation area 9 cm2, stimulus duration 6 s, inter-stimulus interval 4 s, train of 6 stimuli, 10 blocks separated by 40–60 s, left forearm); TTA = thermal thresholds (stimulation areas 1.8/9 cm2, lip/forearm); TTB = see TTA (6 cm2; 0.7°C/s, baseline either 32°C or 38°C); TTTo = tourniquet test tolerance; VT = vibratory threshold; UCAS = unconditioned aversive stimulus; UV-burn = ultraviolet “solar” stimulator (150W xenon lamp, UVA [400 nm] and UVB [290 nm], aperture 2 cm) skin exposure: 2.5 MED (“minimal erythemic dose”, arm); VAS = pain intensity and/or unpleasantness ratings by visual analog scale (0–100); VNS = visual numeric pain scale (0–100); VRS = verbal pain rating scale; VS = vibratory stimulation (0.8 cm2, 100 Hz, 0.5 s, displacement 1 mm); VT = vibratory threshold (stimulation area N.R., 3.7 N/cm2, 0.2 microm/s); WCT = warming by contact thermode (2 cm2, 37°C, > 80 min); WDL = withdrawal latency; WDT = warmth detection threshold.
ʻInhibitoryʼ Test Paradigms: Testing Methods and Results.