Empirical data and model simulations of the effect of repeated hurricanes on soil carbon dynamics in a humid tropical forest

Increasing hurricane frequency and intensity with climate change is likely
to affect soil organic carbon (C) stocks in tropical forests. We examined
the cycling of C between soil pools and with depth at the Luquillo
Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico in soils over a 30-year period that
spanned repeated hurricanes. We used a non-linear matrix model of soil C
pools and fluxes (“soilR”) and constrained the parameters with soil and
litter survey data. Soil chemistry and stable and radiocarbon isotopes
were measured from three soil depths across a topographic gradient in 1988
and 2018. Our results suggest that pulses and subsequent reduction of
inputs caused by severe hurricanes in 1989, 1998, and two in 2017 led to
faster mean transit times and younger mean ages of soil C in the
particulate, occluded, and mineral-associated soil organic matter pools at
0–10 cm and 35–60 cm depths relative to a modeled control soil with
constant inputs over the thirty years. Between 1988 and 2018, the occluded
C stock increased, and d13C in all pools decreased, while changes in
particulate and mineral-associated C were undetectable. The differences
between 1988 and 2018 suggest that hurricane disturbance results in a
dilution of the occluded light C pool with an influx of young,
debris-deposited C, and possible microbial scavenging of old and young C
in the particulate and mineral-associated pools. These effects led to a
younger total soil C pool with faster mean transit times. Our results
suggest that increasing frequency of intense hurricanes will speed up
rates of C cycling in tropical forests, and eventually lead to net losses
of C from tropical forest soils.