Gene prediction and annotation in Penstemon (Plantaginaceae): a workflow for marker development from extremely low-coverage genome sequencing

Premise of the study: Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) is a large and diverse genus endemic to North America. However, determining the phylogenetic relationships among its 280 species has been difficult due to its recent evolutionary radiation. The development of a large, multilocus data set can help to resolve this challenge. Methods: Using both previously sequenced genomic libraries and our own low-coverage whole-genome shotgun sequencing libraries, we used the MAKER2 Annotation Pipeline to identify gene regions for the development of sequencing loci from six extremely low-coverage Penstemon genomes (∼0.005×−0.007×). We also compared this approach to BLAST searches, and conducted analyses to characterize sequence divergence across the species sequenced. Results: Annotations and gene predictions were successfully added to more than 10,000 contigs for potential use in downstream primer design. Primers were then designed for chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear loci from these annotated seq...