Pneumonia in Hospitals: Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Infection Control

This scientific review article examines pneumonia in hospital settings, with particular emphasis on hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It reviews the major causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment principles, antimicrobial resistance, and evidence-based prevention strategies. The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, hand hygiene, respiratory infection control, safe medical equipment management, and multidisciplinary teamwork. It also discusses challenges faced by healthcare facilities in resource-limited settings and provides practical recommendations for improving patient safety and reducing healthcare-associated infections. This article is a narrative review based on published clinical guidance and medical literature. It does not report original clinical research or unpublished patient data. Author: Noor Mohammad Samim Field: Medicine, Pulmonary Health, and Hospital Infection Prevention Article Type: Narrative Review Publication Year: 2026