Clinical characteristics of the patients.

Music is useful for relieving anxiety; however, its impact on autonomic nervous system activity and circulatory dynamics during tooth extraction surgery under intravenous sedation is unclear. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of music listening on circulatory dynamics and autonomic nervous system activity during the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars under intravenous sedation. We hypothesized that music listening combined with intravenous sedation would enhance stress reduction. In this randomized controlled trial, 34 women aged 20–40 years were assigned to a music or control group. Patients in the music group listened to music during tooth extraction under intravenous sedation. Autonomic nervous system activity, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were assessed in both groups. Statistical significance was set at p Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN 000054970