S1 Data -

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by inflammation and fibrotic changes, with an unknown cause. In the early stages of PF, severe inflammation leads to the destruction of lung tissue, followed by upregulation of fibrotic factors like Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which disrupt normal tissue repair. Geniposide, a natural iridoid glycoside primarily derived from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, possesses various pharmacological activities, including liver protection, choleretic effects, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of Geniposide on chronic inflammation and fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice with pulmonary fibrosis (PF). PF was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin, and Geniposide(100/50/25mg•kg-1) was orally administered to the mice once a day until euthanasia(14 day/28 day). The Raw264.7 cell inflammation induced by LPS was used to evaluate the effect of Geniposide on the activation of macrophage. Our results demonstrated that Geniposide reduced lung coefficients, decreased the content of Hydroxyproline, and improved pathological changes in lung tissue. It also reduced the number of inflammatory cells and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of bleomycin-induced PF mice. At the molecular level, Geniposide significantly down-regulated the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2/3, p38, and CTGF in lung tissues of PF mice induced by bleomycin. Molecular docking results revealed that Geniposide exhibited good binding activity with TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, and p38. In vitro study showed Geniposide directly inhibited the activation of macrophage induced by LPS. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Geniposide can ameliorate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad and p38MAPK signaling pathways.