Rainy cycles in South America as a driver for the breeding of Rynchops niger and Phaetusa simplex (Aves: Charadriiformes)

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ABSTRACT

Rynchops niger and Phaetusa simplex are two migratory waterbirds that breed simultaneously on many river beaches in South America. Both are polytypic taxa with little information about the distribution and non-breeding ("wintering") areas. Based on data from the literature, fieldwork, and specimens housed in natural history museums we revised the distribution of some of the main breeding colonies in South America, comparing it with the rainy cycles in the continent to identify generalities about the role of precipitation seasonality on the defining intratropical migration routes of these species. Our data suggest that the seasonal precipitation cycle of South America directly influences the reproductive timing and distribution of both species, which is largely circumscribed by South America's rivers. After breeding on sandy beaches during the dry season, both species disperse in small groups or even individually – not in large flocks as seen in breeding areas – making it difficult to find general migration patterns during the rainy season. Nonetheless, individuals of both species tend to follow the course of the largest rivers of the continent and even alternative routes to disperse into several areas throughout South America during the non-breeding season.