Are brood sex ratios adaptive? The effect of experimentally altered brood sex ratio on nestling growth, mortality, and recruitment

Brood sex ratios (BSRs) have often been found to be non-random in respect of parental and environmental quality, and many hypotheses suggest that non-random sex ratios can be adaptive. To specifically test the adaptive value of biased BSRs, it is crucial to disentangle the consequences of BSR and maternal effects. In multiparous species, this requires cross-fostering experiments where foster parents rear offspring originating from multiple broods, and where the interactive effect of original and manipulated BSR on fitness components are tested. To our knowledge, our study on collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) is the first that meets these requirements. In this species, where BSRs had previously been shown to be related to parental characteristics, we altered the original BSR of the parents shortly after hatching by cross-fostering nestlings among trios of broods, and examined the effects on growth, mortality, and recruitment of the nestlings. We found that original and experimen...