mRNA vaccine activation of dendritic cell and induction of IFN-1

After uptake, mRNA is translated into spike protein and presented as cell-surface MHC-bound peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Cytosolic sensing of RNA by RIG-I and MDA5 plus TLR binding within endosomes leads to activation of IFN regulatory factor 3/7 (IRF3/7) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which bind to DNA inducing gene transcription, and production of IFN-I and proinflammatory cytokines, respectively

在摄取后，信使RNA被翻译成刺突蛋白，并以细胞表面MHC结合肽的形式呈递给CD4+和CD8+ T细胞。通过RIG-I和MDA5的细胞质RNA感应以及TLR在内体中的结合，导致IFN调控因子3/7（IRF3/7）和核因子κB（NF-κB）的激活，它们与DNA结合诱导基因转录，分别产生IFN-I和促炎细胞因子。