Reproduction has different costs for immunity and parasitism in a wild mammal

Life history theory predicts that reproductive allocation draws resources away from immunity, resulting in increased parasitism. However, studies of reproductive tradeoffs rarely examine multiple measures of reproduction, immunity, and parasitism. It is therefore unclear whether the immune costs of reproductive traits correlate with their resource costs, and whether increased parasitism emerges from weaker immunity. We examined these relationships in wild female red deer (Cervus elaphus) with variable reproductive allocation and longitudinal data on mucosal antibody levels and helminth parasitism. We noninvasively collected faecal samples, counting propagules of strongyle nematodes (order: Strongylida), the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and the red deer tissue nematode Elaphostrongylus cervi. We also quantified both total and anti-strongyle mucosal IgA to measure general and specific immune allocation. Contrary to our predictions, we found that gestation was associated wit...