Egyptian mummy DNA reveals close relationship of ancient Egyptians and Near Easterners and an influx of Sub-Saharan African admixture into Egypt after the Roman era.

Here we present 90 mitochondrial genomes as well as genome-wide datasets from three individuals obtained from Egyptian mummies. The samples recovered from Middle Egypt span around 1,300 years of ancient Egyptian history from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period. Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional Sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times. This analysis establishes ancient Egyptian mummies as a genetic source to study ancient human history and offers the perspective of deciphering Egypt’s past at a genome-wide level.