Adaptation of perennial flowering phenology across the European range of Arabis alpina

Perennial Arabis alpina has a wide geographic distribution and is adapted to local environments. However, the traits that underlie adaptation are unknown. Flowering phenology is an adaptive trait in other species, but its geographic variation has not been systematically studied in herbaceous perennials.
Accessions of A. alpina were collected across the European range. Their flowering behavior was tested in controlled conditions, in experimental common-garden plantations at native sites and in-situ in natural populations. Also, genetic diversity within and among populations was examined.
French Alpine and Scandinavian accessions varied in timing and duration of flowering. By contrast, in controlled conditions and in-situ, all Spanish accessions were obligate vernalization-requiring with a short duration of flowering. Nevertheless, Spanish populations were as genetically diverse as French Alpine populations and more so than Scandinavian populations. Furthermore, perpetual flowering 1, a m..., Genotyping and whole-genome sequencing
Genetic variation and differentiation of A. alpina populations were analyzed with genotype and whole-genome sequence data. First, DNA was extracted from fresh leaves of 31 individuals from 9 populations representing Spanish, French Alpine and Scandinavian populations (using Qiagen DNeasy Plant Maxi Kit, Qiagen) and whole genomes were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000 at the Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne and at FASTERIS sequencing service in Switzerland (www.fasteris.com). From these sequences, 35788 unambiguous biallelic SNPs were identified (details in Supporting Information). A subset of 253 widely spread, intergenic SNPs was used for genotyping on a Custom GoldenGate SNP-panel. The SNP set was chosen to be informative across the entire sampled geographic range and/or within regions and populations. Then, 892 accessions were genotyped using DNA extracted from leaf material collected in-situ (Supporting Information). These accessions include: ..., , # Adaptation of perennial flowering phenology across the European range of Arabis alpina

Jörg Wunder, Andrea Fulgione, Per Toräng, Stefan Wötzel, Michel Herzog, José Ramón Obeso, Yiannis Kourmpetis, Roeland van Ham, Thomas Odong, Marco Bink, Ulla Kemi, Jon Ågren and George Coupland

## Description of the data and file structure

Across data files, missing data is encoded as \"NA\" or \"NaN\". When this is the case, the data value is unavailable and the scripts in \"Code/Software\" are designed to exclude these missing data from some analyses.

### Genotype data:

SNPs_and_flanking_sequences_Wunder_etAl.txt:
253 widely spread, intergenic SNPs used for genotyping on a Custom GoldenGate SNP-panel. The SNP set was chosen to be informative across the entire sampled geographic range and/or within regions and populations.

* Genomic position
* Sequence of the SNP and of the flanking region

genotypes_Wunder_etAl.xlsx:
Genotypes at the 253 SNPs of the accessions used in this study. DNA was extr...