DataSheet_1_Fitness Costs of Maternal Ornaments and Prenatal Corticosterone Manifest as Reduced Offspring Survival and Sexual Ornament Expression.docx

Colorful traits (i.e., ornaments) that signal quality have well-established relationships with individual condition and physiology. Furthermore, ornaments expressed in females may have indirect fitness effects in offspring via the prenatal physiology associated with, and social consequences of, these signaling traits. Here we examine the influence of prenatal maternal physiology and phenotype on condition-dependent signals of their offspring in adulthood. Specifically, we explore how prenatal maternal testosterone, corticosterone, and ornament color and size correlate with female and male offspring survival to adulthood and ornament quality in the lizard Sceloporus undulatus. Offspring of females with more saturated badges and high prenatal corticosterone were less likely to survive to maturity. Badge saturation and area were negatively correlated between mothers and their male offspring, and uncorrelated to those in female offspring. Maternal prenatal corticosterone was correlated negatively with badge saturation of male offspring in adulthood. Our results indicate that maternal ornamentation and prenatal concentrations of a stress-relevant hormone can lead to compounding fitness costs by reducing offspring survival to maturity and impairing expression of a signal of quality in surviving males. This mechanism may occur in concert with social costs of ornamentation in mothers. Intergenerational effects of female ornamentation and prenatal stress may be interdependent drivers of balancing selection and intralocus sexual conflict over signaling traits.

五彩斑斓的性状（即装饰）与个体状况和生理机能之间存在着已确立的联系。此外，雌性个体所表达的装饰可能通过与这些信号性状相关的孕前生理机能及其社会后果，对后代的间接适应度产生影响。在本研究中，我们探讨了孕前母体生理和表型对其成年后代状况依赖性信号的影响。具体而言，我们研究了孕前母体睾酮、皮质酮以及装饰颜色和大小与雌性和雄性后代成年生存率及装饰质量在蜥蜴Sceloporus undulatus中的相关性。拥有更饱和徽章和较高孕前皮质酮水平的雌性后代，成年成熟的可能性较低。徽章饱和度和面积在母亲与其雄性后代之间存在负相关关系，与雌性后代则无相关性。母体孕前皮质酮与成年雄性后代的徽章饱和度呈负相关。我们的结果表明，母体装饰及其与压力相关的激素的孕前浓度，可通过降低后代成熟生存率和损害存活雄性信号质量的表达，导致累积的适应度成本。这种机制可能与母亲装饰的社会成本共同发生作用。雌性装饰和孕前压力的代际效应可能成为平衡选择和同位基因性冲突在信号性状中的相互依赖驱动因素。