Role of the Neck during Impact Loading

Building upon the Vasavada 1998, and more recent Mortensen 2018, neck and head model, we are exploring the role of muscles and passive cervical spine (neck) soft tissue in stabilizing the head and neck following impact loads. We have collected human subject head kinematics data undergoing mild external loads with varying load direction (resulting in head extension or head lateral flexion) and varying muscle activity (minimal activation/relaxed and maximal activation/co-contracted). Example videos of the experimental procedures:<a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hb1vDtzpGEU">https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hb1vDtzpGEU</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/e9se5LTDcUs">https://www.youtube.com/embed/e9se5LTDcUs</a>We have developed subject-specific head and neck models and validated them against measured head kinematics using measured impact loads. The head and neck model adds cervical spine ligaments, which utilize a new dynamic ligament plugin model. The dynamic ligament model is similar to the current ligament model available in vanilla OpenSim, but adds velocity dependence based on previous experimental literature. Using simulations of our experimental impacts, we can now predict the torque contributions of the various components of the cervical spine (active muscle, passive muscle, other passive structures). Example videos of OpenSim simulations validated against experimental results:<a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZljBr-k8j1Q">https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZljBr-k8j1Q</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xK0r_BqrDWs">https://www.youtube.com/embed/xK0r_BqrDWs</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6heoO7D3MDY">https://www.youtube.com/embed/6heoO7D3MDY</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ggFFadRbRgU">https://www.youtube.com/embed/ggFFadRbRgU</a>We are now obtaining consent to provide data publicly through SimTK. To be included are the baseline model, subject-scaled models, experimental average male and experimental average female models, relevant experimental data (head kinematics and impact loads), and relevant files for running simulations (muscle activations, setup files, external load files, output motion and analysis files).For more information, please contact: [e-mail] Citations:1) Kuo C., Fanton M., Wu L., Camarillo D.B. "Spinal constraint modulates head instantaneous center of rotation and dictates head angular motion." Journal of Biomechanics. 76(25): 220-228. (2018)2) Kuo C, Sheffels J, Fanton M, Yu I, Hamalainen R, Camarillo D. "Passive Cervical Spine Ligaments Provide Stability during Head Impacts." Journal of the Royal Society Interface. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0086 (2019) <br/><br/>This project includes the following software/data packages: <br/> <ul> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=1474#pack_1996">Experimental Data </a> : Experimental data for project. Subject provided written consent to provide de-identified data on this repository. </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=1474#pack_2073">Experimental Simulations </a> : Opensim simulations and results of the experimental data. </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=1474#pack_1997">OpenSim Head Neck Model </a> : Baseline OpenSim Head Neck Model adapted from Vasavada 1998.-Added ligaments-Decoupled cervical vertebrae-Infrahyoid and Multifidus model based on recent Vasavada neck model downloads </li> </ul>

承袭 Vasavada 于 1998 年及 Mortensen 于 2018 年所提出的颈部与头部模型，本研究致力于探讨肌肉及被动性颈椎（颈部）软组织在遭受冲击负荷后对头部与颈部稳定性的作用。本研究收集了受试者在经历不同方向（导致头部伸展或头部侧弯）的外部轻微负荷以及不同肌肉活动度（最小激活/松弛状态与最大激活/协同收缩状态）的人体头部运动学数据。实验流程的示例视频如下：[视频链接1](https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hb1vDtzpGEU)、[视频链接2](https://www.youtube.com/embed/e9se5LTDcUs)。本研究已开发针对特定受试者的头部与颈部模型，并利用测量到的头部运动学数据及冲击负荷对模型进行验证。该头部与颈部模型引入了颈椎韧带，并采用了一种新型的动态韧带插件模型。该动态韧带模型与 OpenSim 中现有的韧带模型相似，但基于先前实验文献增加了速度依赖性。通过模拟实验冲击，我们现在能够预测颈椎各组成部分（主动肌肉、被动肌肉及其他被动结构）的扭矩贡献。与实验结果验证的 OpenSim 模拟示例视频如下：[视频链接3](https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZljBr-k8j1Q)、[视频链接4](https://www.youtube.com/embed/xK0r_BqrDWs)、[视频链接5](https://www.youtube.com/embed/6heoO7D3MDY)、[视频链接6](https://www.youtube.com/embed/ggFFadRbRgU)。目前，我们正在获得同意，通过 SimTK 向公众提供数据。所提供的数据包括基准模型、受试者缩放模型、实验平均男性模型与实验平均女性模型、相关实验数据（头部运动学及冲击负荷）、以及运行模拟的相关文件（肌肉激活、设置文件、外部负荷文件、输出运动和分析文件）。如需更多信息，请联系：[e-mail]。相关文献引用如下：1) Kuo C., Fanton M., Wu L., Camarillo D.B. “脊柱约束调节头部瞬时旋转中心并指导头部角运动。” 生物力学杂志。76(25): 220-228. (2018)2) Kuo C, Sheffels J, Fanton M, Yu I, Hamalainen R, Camarillo D. “被动颈椎韧带在头部冲击中的作用。” 王室学会接口。https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0086 (2019)。本项目包括以下软件/数据包：- [实验数据](https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=1474#pack_1996)：项目实验数据。受试者已提供书面同意，在此存储库中提供去标识化数据。- [实验模拟](https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=1474#pack_2073)：基于实验数据的 OpenSim 模拟及结果。- [OpenSim 头颈部模型](https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=1474#pack_1997)：基于 Vasavada 1998 年的基准 OpenSim 头颈部模型，增加了韧带、解耦颈椎椎体，并基于最新的 Vasavada 颈部模型添加了下颌部和多裂肌模型。