Socioeconomic Survey, 2018-2019 - Ethiopia

Abstract
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The Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic, household-level panel data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and generating a clearer understanding of the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology.

ESS is a long-term project to collect panel data. The project responds to the data needs of the country, given the dependence of a high percentage of households in agriculture activities in the country. The ESS collects information on household agricultural activities along with other information on the households like human capital, other economic activities, access to services and resources. The ability to follow the same households over time makes the ESS a new and powerful tool for studying and understanding the role of agriculture in household welfare over time as it allows analyses of how households add to their human and physical capital, how education affects earnings, and the role of government policies and programs on poverty, inter alia. The ESS is the first panel survey to be carried out by the CSA that links a multi-topic household questionnaire with detailed data on agriculture.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Households

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The sampling frame for the new ESS4 is based on the updated 2018 pre-census cartographic database of enumeration areas by CSA. The ESS4 sample is a two-stage stratified probability sample. The ESS4 EAs in rural areas are the subsample of the AgSS EA sample. That means, the first stage of sampling in the rural areas entailed selecting enumeration areas (i.e. the primary sampling units) using simple random sampling (SRS) from the sample of the 2018 AgSS enumeration areas (EAs). The first stage of sampling for urban areas is selecting EAs directly from the urban frame of EAs within each region using systematically with PPS. This is designed in way that automatically results in a proportional allocation of the urban sample by zone within each region. Following the selection of sample EAs, they are allocated by urban rural strata using power allocation which is happened to be closer to proportional allocation.

The second stage of sampling for the ESS4 is the selection of households to be surveyed in each sampled EA using systematic random sampling. From the rural EAs, 10 agricultural households are selected as a subsample of the households selected for the AgSS and 2 non-agricultural households are selected from the non-agriculture households list in that specific EA. The non-agriculture household selection follows the same sampling method i.e. systematic random sampling. One important issue to note in ESS4 sampling is that the total number of agriculture households per EA remains 10 even though there are less than 2 or no non-agriculture households are listed and sampled in that EA.

For urban areas, a total of 15 households are selected per EA regardless of the households' economic activity. The households are selected using systematic random sampling from the total households listed in that specific EA. Table 3.2 presents the distribution of sample households for ESS4 by region, urban and rural stratum. A total of 7527 households are sampled for ESS4 based on the above sampling strategy.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The survey consisted of five questionnaires, similar with the questionnaires used during the previous rounds with revisions based on the results of the previous rounds as well as on identified areas of need for new data.The household questionnaire was administered to all households in the sample; multiple modules in the household questionnaire were administered per eligible household members in the sample. The community questionnaire was administered to a group of community members to collect information on the socio-economic indicators of the enumeration areas where the sample households reside.

The three agriculture questionnaires consisting of a post-planting agriculture questionnaire, post-harvest agriculture questionnaire and livestock questionnaire were administered to all household members (agriculture holders) who are engaged in agriculture activities. A holder is a person who exercises management control over the operations of the agricultural holdings and makes the major decisions regarding the utilization of the available resources. S/he has technical and economic responsibility for the holding. S/he may operate the holding directly as an owner or as a manager. Hence it is possible to have more than one holder in single sampled households. As a result we have administered more than one agriculture questionnaire in a single sampled household if the household has more than one holder.

(a) Household questionnaire: The household questionnaire provides information on education; health (including anthropometric measurement for children); labor and time use; financial inclusion; assets ownership and user right; food and non-food expenditure; household nonfarm activities and entrepreneurship; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; physical and financial assets; credit; tax and transfer; and other sources of household income. Household location is geo-referenced in order to be able to later link the ESS data to other available geographic data sets (See Appendix 1 for discussion of the geo-data provided with the ESS).

(b) Community questionnaire: The community questionnaire solicits information on infrastructure; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions and achievements; and local retail price information.

(c) Agriculture questionnaire: The post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires focus on crop farming activities and solicit information on land ownership and use; land use and agriculture income tax; farm labor; inputs use; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household fields; agriculture capital; irrigation; and crop harvest and utilization. The livestock questionnaire collects information on animal holdings and costs; and production, cost and sales of livestock by products.

Cleaning operations
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Final data cleaning was carried out on all data files. Only errors that could be clearly and confidently fixed by the team were corrected; errors that had no clear fix were left in the datasets. Cleaning methods for these errors are left up to the data user.

OTHER PROCESSING
The electronic datasets are organized by questionnaire with the following labels on file names in parentheses: household (hh), community (com), post-planting agriculture (pp), post-harvest agriculture (ph), and livestock (ls). The data within each questionnaire do not contain any constructed variables. For example, the ESS data provide most all variables needed to construct an estimate of total household consumption, but the data set does not contain an estimated value of total consumption. The only compiled data that are included with the ESS files are the geo-spatial variables.

Response rate
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ESS4 planned to interview 7,527 households from 565 enumeration areas (EAs) (Rural 316 EAs and Urban 249 EAs). A total of 6770 households from 535 EAs were interviewed for both the agriculture and household modules. The household module was not implemented in 30 EAs due to security reasons (See the Basic Information Document for additional information on survey implementation).

摘要
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埃塞俄比亚社会经济调查（ESS）是由埃塞俄比亚中央统计局（CSA）与世界银行生活标准测量研究-综合农业调查（LSMS-ISA）团队共同发起的合作项目。LSMS-ISA的目标是收集多主题、家庭层面的面板数据，特别关注改善农业统计，并更清晰地理解农业与经济其他部门之间的联系。该项目还旨在提升能力、跨越国家分享知识，以及改进调查方法和技术。
ESS是一个长期的项目，旨在收集面板数据。鉴于该国大量家庭依赖农业活动，该项目旨在满足国家的数据需求。ESS收集有关家庭农业活动以及其他家庭信息，如人力资本、其他经济活动、服务与资源的获取。能够跟踪同一家庭随时间的变化使得ESS成为研究并理解农业在家庭福利中作用的新有力工具，因为它允许分析家庭如何增加其人力和物质资本，教育如何影响收入，以及政府政策和计划在贫困等问题上的作用。ESS是CSA首次实施的多主题家庭问卷调查，将详细农业数据与家庭问卷调查相结合。
地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
分析单位
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家庭
总体
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调查涵盖了所有合法家庭，不包括监狱、医院、军事营房和学校宿舍。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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抽样程序
ESS4的新抽样框架基于CSA更新的2018年人口普查前的绘图数据库中的人口普查区。ESS4样本是一个两阶段的分层概率样本。ESS4农村地区的EA是AgSS EA样本的子样本。这意味着，农村地区的第一阶段抽样涉及从2018年AgSS人口普查区样本中（即一级抽样单位）使用简单随机抽样（SRS）选择人口普查区。城市地区的第一阶段抽样是直接从每个地区的城市EA框架中选择EA，使用系统抽样（PPS）。这是设计成自动在每个地区内按区域分配城市样本的方式。在选择了样本EA之后，它们按城乡层分配，使用幂分配，这种方式实际上更接近于比例分配。
ESS4的第二阶段抽样是在每个样本EA中选择要调查的家庭，使用系统随机抽样。从农村EA中，选择10个农业家庭作为AgSS选定家庭的子样本，并从该特定EA的非农业家庭名单中选择2个非农业家庭。非农业家庭的选择遵循相同的抽样方法，即系统随机抽样。ESS4抽样中的一个重要问题是，即使在该EA中没有列出或抽取2个或没有非农业家庭，每个EA的农业家庭总数仍为10。
对于城市地区，每个EA选择15户家庭，无论家庭的经济活动如何。家庭是从该特定EA中列出的总家庭中，使用系统随机抽样选择的。表3.2展示了ESS4按地区、城乡层级的样本家庭分布。根据上述抽样策略，为ESS4抽取了7527户家庭。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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调查包括五份问卷，与之前各轮使用的问卷相似，并根据上一轮的结果以及新数据需求确定的领域进行了修订。家庭问卷针对样本中的所有家庭进行，每个符合条件的样本家庭成员的家庭问卷中包含多个模块。社区问卷针对一组社区成员进行，以收集样本家庭居住的普查区的社会经济指标。
包括播种后农业问卷、收获后农业问卷和畜牧业问卷在内的三个农业问卷针对所有参与农业活动的家庭成员（农业所有者）进行。所有者是指对农业经营实施管理控制、就可用资源的主要决策负责的人。他/她对该拥有权拥有技术和经济责任。他/她可以直接作为所有者或作为经理运营拥有权。因此，单个样本家庭中可能有多于一个所有者。因此，如果家庭中有多个所有者，则在单个样本家庭中进行了多个农业问卷的填写。
(a) 家庭问卷：家庭问卷提供有关教育、健康（包括儿童的身体测量）；劳动和时间利用；金融包容性；资产所有权和使用权；食品和非食品支出；家庭非农活动和企业；粮食安全和冲击；安全网；住房条件；物质和金融资产；信贷；税收和转移；以及其他家庭收入来源的信息。家庭位置进行地理参考，以便能够将ESS数据与可用的其他地理数据集联系起来（见附录1中关于ESS提供的地理数据的讨论）。
(b) 社区问卷：社区问卷征求有关基础设施；社区组织；资源管理；社区变化；关键事件；社区需求、行动和成就；以及当地零售价格信息。
(c) 农业问卷：播种后和收获后农业问卷侧重于作物种植活动，并征求有关土地所有权和使用；土地利用和农业收入税；农场劳动；投入使用；GPS土地面积测量和家庭田地的坐标；农业资本；灌溉；以及作物收获和利用的信息。畜牧业问卷收集有关动物拥有和成本；以及畜产品生产、成本和销售的信息。
数据清理操作
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对所有数据文件进行了最终的数据清理。只有团队可以明确和自信地修复的错误被纠正；没有明确修复方法的问题保留在数据集中。这些错误的清理方法留待数据使用者决定。
其他处理
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电子数据集按问卷组织，文件名上的标签如下：（家庭（hh），社区（com），播种后农业（pp），收获后农业（ph），和畜牧业（ls））。每个问卷中的数据不包含任何构造变量。例如，ESS数据提供了构建家庭总消费估计所需的大部分变量，但数据集不包含总消费的估计值。ESS文件中包含的唯一编制数据是地理空间变量。
应答率
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ESS4计划从565个普查区（EA）（农村316个EA和城市249个EA）中采访7,527户家庭。共采访了535个EA的6,770户家庭，包括农业和家庭模块。由于安全问题，30个EA没有实施家庭模块（请参阅基本信息文件以获取有关调查实施的更多信息）。