Evolutionary history and analysis of iridescent ultraviolet butterfly scales

Iridescent ultraviolet (IUV) patterns on pierid butterfly wings are phenotypic adaptations commonly used as sexual signals, generated by scales with ultrastructural modifications. Pierid IUV patterns are sexually dichromatic, with reduced size in females, where conspicuous sexual signaling balances courtship against ecological predation. There have been no phylogenetic reconstructions of IUV within Pieridae and little morphological characterization of phenotypic diversity. Our genus-wide characterization of IUV revealed the uniform similarity of stacked lamellar ridges on the dorsal surface of cover scales. We tested a hypothesis of single versus multiple origins by reconstructing a phylogeny of 534 species (~43.2% described species), with all genera represented, and a trait matrix of 734 species (~59.4%) screened for IUV. A single, early dimorphic origin of IUV followed by several losses and gains received strong support, concluding that IUV patterns and structural coloration are old t..., Museum Scoring: Performed using a modified ultraviolet detecting camera and black light light source on museum specimens to score for presence/absence.
SEM images: Wing samples were mounted to stubs using copper tape and imaged using an FEI Teneo LV SEM
Ridge Density: SEM images of wing scales were measured in photoshop and analyzed in R.
Phylogeny: Molecular sequences were scraped from Genbank. Processed using python and bash scripts. Analysis performed using RAxML.
Spectral Data: collected using an Ocean Optics spectrophotometer. Analyses performed in R., , # Evolutionary history and analysis of iridescent ultraviolet butterfly scales

## Data for: Early phylogenetic origin and repeated ecological implementation of iridescent UV signaling in pierid butterflies

## READ ME: directory structure and file descriptions

### File Structure

vficarrotta\_dryad\_IUV\_2022
\|\-Butterfly Photo Credits
\| \|\-butterfly\-photo\-credits\.ods
\|\-IUV Scoring QC
\| \|\-data\-tree\_overlap\_7\-7\-2022\.csv
\| \|\-genus\_uv\_7\-7\-2022\.csv
\| \|\-genus\_uv\_overlap\_7\-7\-2022\.csv
\| \|\-uvg\_7\-7\-2022\.csv
\| \|\-IUV\_scoring\_QC\.r
\|\-Phylogeny and Ancestral State Reconstruction
\| \|\-Phylogeny Build
\| \| \|\-bad\_seqs\.py
\| \| \|\-bad\_taxa\.py
\| \| \|\-Pieridae\_7114\.table
\| \| \|\-Pieridae\_7114\_final\.outaln
\| \| \|\-Pieridae\_7114\_final\_GB\.csv
\| \| \|\-Pieridae\_7114\_SHL\_names\.tre
\| \|\-ASR\-IUV\_analysis\.r
\| \|\-full\-tree\_species\.csv
\| \|\-Pieridae\_7114\_final\_names\_trim\_dates\_2\-22\-2022\.tre
\| \|\-plotting\_ASR\-IU...